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1、小說構(gòu)成要素March,2007AStructuredApproachtotheShortStoryThetermstructureasappliedtoashortstory,ortoanyformofliteraryart,isametaphoricalexpressionreferringtothearchitectural-likepatternofthework.Muchlikeabuilding,ashortstoryisanorderlyarrangementofindividualpartspu
2、ttogethertoformacohesivewhole.Inabuilding,theconstituentelementsarephysicalandexistinspace;inashortstory,theelementsareintangibles,buttheytooarearrangedinaccordancewithacarefullyconceivedplan.Insteadofexistinginspace,theseelementsexistasideasinthemindofthewr
3、iterthataretransferredtothemindofthereaderthroughthemediumoftheprintedpage.Thestructureisthenre-createdinthereader’smindasthestoryisread.Behindthisconceptofstructureliestheassumptionthattheauthorhasanawarenessandunderstandingoftheneedforthestructureinthework
4、andthat,inwritingthestory,hasmadedeliberatechoicesintheselectionofdetailsandhascarefullyarrangedthesedetailsintoameaningful,aestheticpattern.Afurtherassumptionisthatfullofappreciationofastorybythereaderdemandssomeawarenessandunderstandingofitsstructure.Inits
5、broadestsense,structureincludesalltheelementsinastory:plot,characterandcharacterization,pointofview,language,whichcanberealistic,symbolicorallegory,andtheme.Instudyingliteraturefromastructuralpointofview,onemaydealwiththeseelementsseparately,atfirst;however,
6、theultimateobjectiveistoseetheworkasawholeandtobecomeawareofhowthepartsareintegratedtoproduceacompositeeffect.ElementsofPlotSimplystated,plotisthearrangementoftheeventsinastoryintoacausalsequences.Althoughtheshortstoryisoneofthemostflexiblevehiclesforthedive
7、rseelementsofaplot,thisflexibilityandvarietydoesnotreducethevalueofasystematicandevenorthodoxapproachtoplotconstruction.Amongtheformalelementsofplotare:exposition,background;conflict,theoppositionofforces,internalorexternal;complication,thedevelopmentofpredi
8、ctableorunforeseencontingenciesintheaction;foreshadowing,ahintofwhatistocome;reversal,achangeinfortuneexperiencedbytheprotagonist;denouement,thefinaloutcomeofthesequenceofevents;andinsight,recog
