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1、AnIntroductionto DiscourseAnalysisChengXiaotangBeijingNormalUniversityLecture4: CohesionWhybothwithcohesion?Cohesionisoneofthemostimportantfeaturesofnaturaldiscourse.Cohesivedevicesareextensivelyusedindiscourse.Lackofcohesionmayleadtoincoherenceindiscourse.Beforewestart…Lookattheseexamples.A
2、retheynatural?Aretheymeaningful?JohntookJohn’shatoffandhungJohn’shatonapeg.IfyouseeMary,tellMarythatIwanttoseeMary.Sowepushedhimundertheotherone.Washandcoresixcookingapples.Putthemintoafireproofdish.Washandcoresixcookingapples.Puttheapplesintoafireproofdish.--Wouldyoulikesometea?--Yes.Iwould
3、likesometea.--DidIhurtyourfeelings?--Yes,youhurtmyfeelings.--Ididn’tmeantohurtyourfeelings.Lyingonthefloor.--WhatwasJohndoingwhenyoucamein?--Lyingonthefloor.--Whatisyourfavouritepastime?--Lyingonthefloor.Readthefollowing“story”1Onceuponatimetherewasalittlewhitemousecalled“tiptoe”.2Theboysliv
4、edinalarge,red-brickedhousewithathatchedroofattheendofthelongeststreetintown.3ThatmorningMrs.Smookslefthomeinagreathurry.4But,toolate,Williamrealizedthatthecarhadnobrakes.5Sotheyranandtheyranandtheyranuntilthegiantgotsotiredthathecouldn’tfollowthemanymore.6“whatanexcitingday!”shesighed.7Ands
5、ohenevergoesalonetotheshopsanymore.Whatiscohesion?Cohesionreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetext,thatdefineitasatext;CohesionoccurswheretheINTERPRETATIONofsomeelementinthediscourseisdependentonthatofanother(HallidayandHasan,1976:4).TextureCohesiverelationsinandbetweensentencescreat
6、etexture,whichmakesasetofsentencesatext.Textureisthepropertythatdistinguishestextfromnon-text:atexthastexture.Textureiswhatholdtheclausesofatexttogethertogivethemunity.Fivetypesofcohesion:ReferenceSubstitutionEllipsisConjunctionLexicalcohesionReferenceThecohesiveresourceofreferencereferstoho
7、wthewriter/speakerintroducesparticipantsandthenkeepstrackofthemoncetheyareinthetext.ConsiderLookatthat.Lookatthesun.It’sgoingdownquickly.ReferenceReferenceEndophoraExophoraAnaphoraCataphoraAnexophorareferencereferstosomethinginthephysicalsituationi
