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1、智課網(wǎng)TOEFL備考資料托福寫(xiě)作TPO16綜合寫(xiě)作詳細(xì)解析閱讀材料:TheUnitedKingdom(sometimesreferredtoasBritain)hasalongandrichhistoryofhumansettlement.Tracesofbuildings,tools,andartcanbefoundfromperiodsgoingbackmanythousandsofyears:fromtheStoneAge,throughtheBronzeAge,theIronAge,thetimeoftheRomancolonization,theMiddleA
2、ges,uptothebeginningsoftheindustrialage.Yetfrommostofthetwentiethcentury,thescienceofarchaeology–dedicatedtouncoveringandstudyingoldculturalartifacts–wasfacedwithseriousproblemsandlimitationsinBritain.英國(guó)(有的時(shí)候被稱(chēng)為不列顛)在人類(lèi)居住建筑方面有久遠(yuǎn)豐富的歷史。建筑、建筑工具以及建筑藝術(shù)的遺跡的歷史可以追溯到數(shù)千年。從石器時(shí)代開(kāi)始,歷經(jīng)青銅時(shí)代、鐵器時(shí)代、羅馬殖民時(shí)代、
3、中世紀(jì),一直到工業(yè)時(shí)代的初期。但是在20世紀(jì)的大部分時(shí)間里的英國(guó),致力于挖掘和研究古代文化遺跡的考古學(xué)面臨著嚴(yán)峻的問(wèn)題和局限性。First,manyvaluableartifactswerelosttoconstructionprojects.ThegrowthofBritain’spopulation,especiallyfromthe1950son,spurredalotofnewconstructioninBritishcities,towns,andvillages.Whilediggingfoundationsfornewbuildings,thebuilde
4、rsoftenuncoveredarchaeologicallyvaluablesites.Usually,however,theyproceededwiththeconstructionanddidnotpreservetheartifacts.Manyarchaeologicallypreciousartifactswerethereforedestroyed.首先,建筑工程破壞了很多有價(jià)值的估計(jì)。從1950年以來(lái)愈加明顯的人口增加導(dǎo)致了英國(guó)建筑業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展,無(wú)論是在城市、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)還是村莊。在給新建筑打地基的時(shí)候,建筑者常常會(huì)挖掘到一些有價(jià)值的文物遺跡。然而,常常建筑工
5、人會(huì)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行工作,而不是保護(hù)這些文物。很多很多珍貴的考古文物就因此遭到了破壞。Second,manyarchaeologistsfeltthatthefinancialsupportforarchaeologicalresearchareinadequate.Formostofthetwentiethcentury,archaeologywasfundedmostlythroughgovernmentfundsandgrants,whichallowedarchaeologiststoinvestigateahandfulofthemostimportantsitesb
6、utwhichlefthundredsofotherinterestingprojectswithoutsupport.Furthermore,changinggovernmentprioritiesbroughtaboutperiodicreductionsinfunding.第二,很多考古學(xué)家都感覺(jué)到考古學(xué)研究的經(jīng)費(fèi)不足。在二十世紀(jì)的大部分時(shí)間里,考古的經(jīng)費(fèi)大多來(lái)自于政府的基金和撥款。經(jīng)費(fèi)的不足導(dǎo)致考古學(xué)家只能研究很少了的最重要的遺跡,而數(shù)以千計(jì)的其他有意義的項(xiàng)目都缺乏經(jīng)費(fèi)。而且,政府預(yù)算優(yōu)先權(quán)的改變也導(dǎo)致了經(jīng)費(fèi)的周期性減少。Third,itwasdifficult
7、tohaveacareerinarchaeology.Archaeologyjobsweretobefoundatuniversitiesorwithafewgovernmentagencies,buttherewerenevermanypositionsavailable.Manypeoplewhowantedtobecomearchaeologistsendeduppursuingothercareersandcontributingtoarchaeologicalresearchonlyasunpaidamateurs.第三,考古事