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1、寫作必背單詞和短語1.counterproductiveadj.產(chǎn)生相反效果(結(jié)果)的e.g.Itiscounterproductivetobetootough:itjustmakesthestaffresentful.2.seminaladj.萌芽的,潛在的;開創(chuàng)性的;有重大影響的e.g.intheseminalstate(在萌芽狀態(tài))
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3、seminalthoughts
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5、seminalprinciple(基本原則)3.forgov.放棄e.g.Thechoicetoforgohissecurityisalwaysavailable,althoughitmightc
6、arryunpleasantconsequence.4.intuitionn.直覺e.g.Iwilltrustmystrongintuitionthatfreewillisanessentialpartofourbeingashumans.5.satisfyv.證明是正當(dāng)?shù)?,公證的;為…尋找正當(dāng)理由e.g.Inthefinalanalysis,governmentcannotphilosophicallysatisfyassistinglargecitiesforthepurposeofeitherpromotingorpreservingthenation'scul
7、turaltraditions;norisgovernmentassistancenecessarytowardtheseends.6.resortto…訴諸…e.g.thereisnonecessitytoresorttoviolentactionssuchasdemonstration,riotorrebel.7.hingeon…以…為轉(zhuǎn)移,靠…轉(zhuǎn)動e.g.Theclaimthatsociety’sdestinyhingesonhowchildrenaresocialized,whileappealinginsomerespects,isanover-statem
8、entatbest.8.lendsomecredenceto…提供支持e.g.Recentadvancesinmolecularbiologyandgeneticslendsomecredencetothisposition,bysuggestingthatthesedeterminingphysicalforcesincludeourownindividualgeneticmakeup.9.dimensionn.大小;體積;程度;范圍e.g.Ididnotrealizethedimensionsoftheproblem.10.amountto…相當(dāng)于;等于e.g.W
9、hatyousayamountstoadirectaccusation.11.inspirev.激勵或鼓舞e.g.Tobeginwith,learningaboutkeyhistoricalfiguresinspiresustoachievegreatthingsourselves---farmoresothanlearningabouttheconditionsofgroupsofpeople.12.providenecessaryimpetusfor…給與…動力e.g.Itisalmostalwaysakeyindividualwhoprovidetheneces
10、saryimputesforwhatotherwisemightbeagroupeffort,asdiscussedbelow.13.paradigmn.樣式;典范;范例e.g.educationalparadigms14.obscurev.使陰暗;使朦朧e.g.Generallyspeaking,then,undueattentiontotheeffortsandcontributionsofvariousgroupstendstoobscurethecauseandeffectrelationshipwithwhichthestudyofhistoryischie
11、flyconcerned.1.nascentadj.初生的e.g.inanascentcondition/stage/state
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13、anascentindustry/literature/art2.irrespectiveofwhether…無論如何e.g.Whilewemustinvestinresearchirrespectiveofwhethertheresultsmightbecontroversial.3.drawadistinctionbetween…區(qū)分…e.g.Oneusefulapproachistodrawadistinction