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1、NuclearpowerDfusionT.KennethFowlerUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,4167EtcheverryHall,Berkeley,California94720-1730Inthe1990s,experimentsintokamakmagneticfusiondeviceshave?nallyapproached``breakeven''DpoweroutequaltopowerinDatfusionpowerlevelsexceeding10MW,andgreatpro
2、gresshasalsobeenmadewithinertial-con?nementfusionlaserexperiments.Basedontheseresults,therequirementstoachieveignitionandhigh-energygainarenowfairlyclearforbothapproaches.Thisarticlefocusesondevelopmentsinmodernplasmaphysicsthatledtotheseachievementsandoutlinesthehis
3、toricaldevelopmentofthe?eld.Topicsincludethestabilityofmagnetic?elds,?eldreconnectionandthemagneticdynamo,turbulentheattransport,andplasmaabsorptionofintensebeamsoflight.Thearticleconcludeswithabriefdiscussionoffutureresearchdirections.[S0034-6861(99)00902-2]I.INTROD
4、UCTIONTwoapproachestoobtaininghigh-temperatureplas-mashavedominatedthe?eld.Oneisthecon?nementofTheearliestspeculationsaboutnuclearpowerD?rst,thefuelatmoderatepressurebymeansofmagneticaboutnuclearfusionDfollowedsoonafterthepublica-?elds,andtheotherDcalledinertial-con?
5、nementfusiontionofAlbertEinstein'sspecialtheoryofrelativity.A(ICF)DutilizessolidDTtargetsheatedbyintenselaserstoryrelatedbyEdwardTellertellsoftheyoungGeorgebeamsorionbeams.ImpressiveprogresshasbeenGamow'sbeingoffered,in1929,thenightlyuseofthemade.Whileself-sustaining
6、ignitionhasnotyetbeenfullelectricpowergridofLeningradifhewouldunder-achieved,experimentsintokamakmagneticfusionde-taketocreateinthelaboratorythefusionenergythatviceshaveapproached``breakeven''DpoweroutequalAtkinsonandHoutermanswereclaimingtobesuf?cienttothepowerinDat
7、fusionpowerlevelsexceeding10toexplainstars(Teller,1981).Then,when?ssionwasMW(Strachanetal.,1994;JETTeam,1997),andgreatdiscoveredin1939,fusiontookabackseatasthemoreprogresshasalsobeenmadewithICFlaserexperimentsreadilyexploitable?ssionprocessforgedahead,culmi-(Lindl,19
8、95).Basedontheseresults,thephysicsre-quirementsforachievingignitionarenowfairlyclear,natinginthe?rst?ssionpowerreactorsinthe1950s.f
