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1、有機化學知識點歸納（Organicchemistry,knowledge,induction）Organicchemistry,knowledge,inductionFirst,thestructureandpropertiesoforganiccompounds1Definitionsoffunctionalgroups:atoms,clusters,orchemicalbondsthatdeterminethechemicalpropertiesoforganiccompounds.2.Thefun
2、ctionalgroups,structuralcharacteristicsandmainchemicalpropertiesofcommonorganiccompounds(1)alkane(A)functionalgroup:No;generalformula:CnH2n+2;representation:CH4B)structuralfeatures:thebondangleis109degrees28',andthespaceistetrahedralmolecule.Soarethefour
3、valencebondsofeachCatominthealkanemolecule.(C)physicalproperties:1.,atroomtemperature,theirstatefromgas,liquidtosolid,andwhetheritisgasorliquid,arecolorless.Generally,C1~C4isgaseous,C5~C16isliquid,andC17issolid.2.theboilingpointofthemisfromlowtohigh.From
4、3.densityofalkanes,butarelessthan1g/cm^3,whichislessthanthedensityofwater.4.alkanesareinsolubleinwaterandsolubleinorganicsolventsD)chemicalproperties:Substitutionreaction(withhalogenelements,underillumination),,.......CombustionPyrolysisC16H34C8H18+C8H16
5、Hydrocarboncombustionformula:Combustionformulaofoxygenatedderivativeofhydrocarbon:E)laboratorymethod:methane:Note:1.sodiumacetate:alkalilime=1:32.solidsolidheating3.anhydrous(cannotuseNaAccrystal)4.CaO:waterabsorptionanddilutionofNaOH,notcatalyst(2)olefi
6、ns:A);functionalgroups:Formula:CnH2n(n=2);representative:H2C=CH2B)structuralfeatures:thekeyangleis120degrees.Thecarbonatomofadoublebondiscoplanarwiththefouratomsitconnects.C)chemicalproperties:Additionreaction(withX2,H2,HX,H2O,etc.)Dimerizationreaction(w
7、ithitself,otherolefins)CombustionOxidationreaction2CH2=CH2+O22CH3CHOHydrocarboncombustionformula:D)laboratoryprocess:ethylene:Note:1.Valcohol:Vconcentratedsulfuricacid=1:3(dehydrated,mixedliquidbrown)2.drainagecollection(withCl2,HCl),temperature170degree
8、s(140degrees:ether)3.alkalilimeimpuritySO2,CO24.porcelainpieces:topreventbumpingE)effectsofreactionconditionsonorganicreactions:CH2=CH-CH3+HBr(hydrogenisaddedtohydrogencontainingmorecarbonatoms,consistentwiththeMarkovrules
