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1、IMMUNIZATION免疫接種──免疫學(xué)預(yù)防1.基因免疫的概念和優(yōu)勢(shì)。3.基因免疫中目的基因的來源2.疫苗的主要類型MortalitygHighgModerategNoneorlowHIV/AIDSTuberculosisMortalitygHighgModerategNoneorlowMalariaRiskSignificantgLowgNoneMeaslesNumberofcasesgMorethan100g11-100g1-10g0gNosurveillanceInfluenzagWidespreadgRegionalgLocalgSporadicg
2、NegligibalornosurveillanceDiarrheaDiseasesCholeraCasesgMorethan1,500g1,001-1,500g501-1,000g1-500gNegligibalornosurveillanceEachhelperTcellexpressestheCD4antigen.HIVentersthecellbybindingtoCD4andothercellsurfacemolecules.AhelperTcellisknowncolloquiallyasaCD4cell.Macrophagesandasubse
3、tofTlymphocytes(Tcells),knownashelperTcells,expressCD4andsoarevulnerabletoHIVinfection.EdwardJennerLouisPasteurJennerandPasteurarerecognizedastheimmunologistswhopioneeredvaccination,orinductionofactiveimmunity.脊髓灰質(zhì)炎Polio狂犬病Rabies風(fēng)疹RubellaHepatitisAHepatitisB流感Influenza白喉diphtheria天
4、花Smallpoxvirus輪狀病毒RotavirusPertussis百日咳Comparisonofmaximumandcurrentmorbidityforvaccine-preventablediseasesDiseaseMaximumcasesYear1992Percentagechange白喉Diphtheria麻疹Measles腮腺炎Mumps百日咳pertussis脊髓灰質(zhì)炎Polio(paralytic)風(fēng)疹RubellaCRS破傷風(fēng)Tetanus乙型流感HeamophilusinfluenzaetypeB乙型肝炎HepatitisB206,
5、939694,134152,209265,26921,26957,68620,0001,56020,00026,6111921194119681934195219691964,6519231984198542,2372,5724,083416011451,41216,12699.9999.7598.3198.4699.9899.7299.9597.1292.9439.40患天花的小兒(Infantwithsmallpox)1979年WHO宣布在全球范圍內(nèi)消滅了天花病毒。Thelastknownpersonintheworldtohavesmallpoxofa
6、nykind.Variolaminorin23-year-oldAliMaowMaalin,Merka,SomaliaThelastcaseofnaturalsmallpoxinU.K.occurredinthe1930s;thelastinU.S.A.wasinthe1940s.ThelastnaturalcaseintheworldwasinSomaliaandoccurredinOctober1977.患脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的兒童(ChildwithpoliosequelaeWHO)WHO宣稱將在2003年在全球消滅脊髓灰質(zhì)炎Inwesterncountries
7、polioisnolongeraproblembutitisstillamajorprobleminlessdevelopedcountriesthoughsomehavehadverymajorsuccessese.g.Cuba,Nicaragua.Thewildtype(non-vaccine)strainofpoliohasrecentlybeendeclaredtobewipedoutfromtheWesternHemisphere.PolioVirusPolioStatisticsWildpoliovirus1988Knowpoliovirustr
8、ansmissionPolioStatisticsW
