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1、Session8主動與被動Activevs.PassiveTheyarrivedatthesummitonthefifthday.Thefifthdaysawthematthesummit.(Halliday)Abehavioralpatternvs.ApsychologicalpatternWhatpeoplehavedonetotheworldvs.Whattheworldreflectsofpeople’sbehaviourActivevs.Passive一進房間他就聞到了一股濃烈的花香。一進房間一股濃烈的花香撲鼻而來。Psyc
2、hologicalprocessofapperceptionvs.TheroleoftherealworldonapperceptionActiveVoicevs.PassiveVoiceVoiceenablesustolookatactionsinasentencefromtwoperspectives,withoutanychangetothefact.(Quirk)eg.Thebutlermurderedthemaster.Themasterwasmurderedbythebutler.ActiveVoicevs.Passive
3、VoicePassive≠theoppositeofActive(J.Vendryes)∴Activevoiceemphasizestheactionitself.Passivevoiceemphasizestheconditionaftertheactionistaken.ActiveVoicevs.PassiveVoiceeg.Mybrotherbroketheteapot.(active,dynamic)Theteapotwasbrokenbymybrother.(passive,conditionoftheteapot)The
4、teapotwasbroken.(passive,condition)Theteapotisbroken.(passive,stative)Englishvs.ChineseEnglish:1)morevariationsofverbforms2)cleardivisionbetweenmanandnature3)distinctionbetweenbeingsubjectiveandobjective4)nostrongneedtoemphasize‘doer’Chinese:1)fewvariationsofverbforms2)
5、unityofmanandnature3)nocleardistinctionbetweenbeingsubjectiveandobjective4)alwaysemphasizes‘doer’ExamplesAnalysis:1.我生于北京，在廣州參加工作。IwasborninBeijing,andjoinedtheworkforceinGuangzhou.IwasborninBeijing,andgotemployedinGuangzhou.2.老虎被他們打死了。老虎被打死了。老虎打死了。PassiveVoice:ACloserL
6、ook1.SyntacticPassive:passivevoiceintheformandstructureasbeing‘passive’2.NotionalPassivepassivevoicenotintheformandstructureasbeing‘passive’,butofferingapassivenotion(Jesperson)SyntacticPassive1.施動者方面的原因1）說不清施動者eg.TomwaskilledinWorldWar2.2）不必說出施動者eg.ChinafoughtagainstRu
7、ssiainthewomen’svolleyballmatchandRussiawasbeaten.3）不愿意說出施動者eg.Somerudecommentsontheplanweremadeattheboardmeeting.SyntacticPassive2.受動者方面的原因1）心理上的原因eg.MadameCurriewilllongberememberedasthediscovererofradium.2）信息結構上的原因eg.Unfortunately,thismessagewasnotputacrossbythespeak
8、er.SyntacticPassive3.修辭的需要subject,cohesion,etc.4.文體的需要science,journalism,business,etc.NotionalPassive1.由及物動詞或系
