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1、THREESTEPSTOTHEUNIVERSETHREESTEPSTOTHEfromtheSUNtoBLACKHOLEStotheMYSTERYofDARKMATTERDavidGarfinkle&RichardGarfinkleTHEUNIVERSITYOFCHICAGOPRESSChicago&LondonDavidGar?nkleisaprofessorintheDepartmentofPhysicsatOaklandUniversity.RichardGar?nkleistheauthorofCelestialMattersandAllofanInstant
2、.TheUniversityofChicagoPress,Chicago60637TheUniversityofChicagoPress,Ltd.,London?2008byTheUniversityofChicagoAllrightsreserved.Published2008PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica1716151413121110090812345ISBN-13:978-0-226-28346-3(cloth)ISBN-10:0-226-28346-1(cloth)LibraryofCongressCataloging-
3、in-PublicationDataGarTnkle,David.Threestepstotheuniverse:fromthesuntoblackholestothemysteryofdarkmatter/DavidGarTnkleandRichardGarTnkle.p.cm.ISBN-13:978-0-226-28346-3(cloth:alk.paper)ISBN-10:0-226-28346-1(cloth:alk.paper)1.Sun.2.Blackholes(Astronomy).3.Darkmatter(Astronomy).I.GarTnkle,
4、Richard.II.Title.QB521.G292008520?dc222008008659∞ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsoftheAmericanNationalStandardforInformationSciences?PermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials,ANSIZ39.48-1992.CONTENTSAcknowledgmentsIviiIntroductionI1Step1THESUN1Look.Don?tTouch.
5、I172What?sThatBrightThingMadeOf?I333Fusion:EnergyHiddeninPlainSightI45Step2BLACKHOLES4OldGravityandNewGravityI675BlackHolesinRelativityI856TheLivesofStarsI957BlackHoleHuntingI1238GravitationalWavesI147Step3DARKMATTER—DARKENERGY9GalacticScaleI15910WhatIsDarkMatter?I16711AlltheWayOutI195
6、12DarkEnergy,Antigravity,andEinstein?sFudgeI205AStepBacktoEarth13RoadMapsI21714ScienceasItIsWrittenI245GlossaryI261SuggestionsforFurtherReadingI265ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWewouldliketothankthefollowingpeople:ourfather,NortonGarTnkle,forsuggestingourcollaborationintheTrstplace.Ourwives,KimGarTnk
7、leandAlessandraKelley,forputtingupwithusduringthetimewespentworkingonthisbook(actuallyforputtingupwithusatall).Alessandrafortheillustrations.Wer-nerIsraelforathoroughreadingofthebookandvitallyusefulcomments.ThemembersoftheCosmologyandGravityprogramoftheCanadianInstituteforAdvancedRes