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1、WorldScientificLectureNotesinPhysics-Vol.64FLUCTUATIONSANDLOCALIZATIONINMESOSCOPICELECTRONSYSTEMSMartinJanssenWorldScientificFLUCTUATIONSANDLOCALIZATIONINMESOSCOPICELECTRONSYSTEMSFLUCTUATIONSANDLOCALIZATIONINMESOSCOPICELECTRONSYSTEMSMartinJanssenRuhr-Universitat
2、Bochum,GermanylifeWorldScientificwbSingapore?NewJersey?London?HongKongPublishedbyWorldScientificPublishingCo.Pte.Ltd.POBox128,FarrerRoad,Singapore912805USAoffice:SuiteIB,1060MainStreet,RiverEdge,NJ07661UKoffice:57SheltonStreet,CoventGarden,LondonWC2H9HEBritishLi
3、braryCataloguing-in-PublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.FLUCTUATIONSANDLOCALIZATIONINMESOSCOPICELECTRONSYSTEMSCopyright?2001byWorldScientificPublishingCo.Pte.Ltd.Allrightsreserved.Thisbook,orpartsthereof,maynotbereproducedi
4、nanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recordingoranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystemnowknownortobeinvented,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher.Forphotocopyingofmaterialinthisvolume,pleasepayacopyingfeethroughtheCopyrightClear
5、anceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,USA.Inthiscasepermissiontophotocopyisnotrequiredfromthepublisher.ISBN981-02-4209-3Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.PrintedinSingaporebyUtoPrinttoHanne,MathiasandStephanPrefaceThisbookisaboutquantummechanicsinmacr
6、oscopicsystems.Thecentralthemesarequantumfluctuationsandlocalizationbyquantuminterference.Usually,quantumphenomenalikeinterferenceandtunnelingshowupinthemicroscopicworldofatomsandmolecules,notonmacroscopicscalesofcarsandhouses.However,thereisnofundamentaldiffere
7、ncebetweenmicroscopicandmacroscopicscalesinquantummechanics.Thereasonfortheabsenceoftheseeffectsinourmacroscopicworldisthatindividualob?jectsloosetheirquantummechanicalphasecoherenceaftersometimewhileinteractingwithmanythermalizedobjects.Butassoonasthetempera?tu
8、redecreasesthistimeincreasesandincoldmaterialsofthereal-world,forexampleinmetalsandsemiconductors,quantumphenomenabecomedominant.Suchmesoscopicsystemscontainahugenumb
