kaye,an introduction to quantum computing

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1、AnIntroductiontoQuantumComputingThispageintentionallyleftblankAnIntroductiontoQuantumComputingPhillipKayeRaymondLa?ammeMicheleMosca13GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dpOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,anded

2、ucationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWitho?cesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailand

3、TurkeyUkraineVietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork
cPhillipR.Kaye,RaymondLa?ammeandMicheleMosca,2007ThemoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)

4、Firstpublished2007Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.Enquirie

5、sconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCatalogin

6、ginPublicationDataDataavailableTypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyBiddlesLtd.,King’sLynn,NorfolkISBN0-19-857000-7978-0-19-857000-4ISBN0-19-857049-x978-0-19-857049-3(pbk)13579108642ContentsPrefacexAcknowledgementsxi1INTRODUCTIONANDBACKGROUND11.1Ove

7、rview11.2ComputersandtheStrongChurch–TuringThesis21.3TheCircuitModelofComputation61.4ALinearAlgebraFormulationoftheCircuitModel81.5ReversibleComputation121.6APreviewofQuantumPhysics151.7QuantumPhysicsandComputati