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1、SPE140480SimulatingHydraulicFracturinginRealFracturedRock-OvercomingtheLimitsofPseudo3DModelsNealNagel,IvanGil,andMariselaSanchez-Nagel,SPE,ItascaHouston,Inc.,BrankoDamjanac,ItascaConsultingGroup,Inc.Copyright2011,SocietyofPetroleumEngineersThispaperwaspreparedforpresentationatth
2、eSPEHydraulicFracturingTechnologyConferenceandExhibitionheldinTheWoodlands,Texas,USA,24–26January2011.ThispaperwasselectedforpresentationbyanSPEprogramcommitteefollowingreviewofinformationcontainedinanabstractsubmittedbytheauthor(s).ContentsofthepaperhavenotbeenreviewedbytheSocie
3、tyofPetroleumEngineersandaresubjecttocorrectionbytheauthor(s).ThematerialdoesnotnecessarilyreflectanypositionoftheSocietyofPetroleumEngineers,itsofficers,ormembers.Electronicreproduction,distribution,orstorageofanypartofthispaperwithoutthewrittenconsentoftheSocietyofPetroleumEngi
4、neersisprohibited.Permissiontoreproduceinprintisrestrictedtoanabstractofnotmorethan300words;illustrationsmaynotbecopied.TheabstractmustcontainconspicuousacknowledgmentofSPEcopyright.AbstractWiththehugegrowthinthestimulationofnaturallyfracturedformations,itisclearthattheindustryne
5、edsnewhydraulicfracturingsimulationtoolsbeyondthelimitsimposedbypseudo3Dfracturingmodel.Discreteelementmodels(DEM),inwhichbothmatrixblockbehaviorandfracturebehaviorareexplicitlymodeled,offeroneoptionforthespecificmodelingofhydraulicfracturecreationandgrowthinnaturallyfracturedfor
6、mationwithout,forexample,theassumptionofbi-planarfracturegrowth.Inthispaper,weshowtheresultsofthesuccessfulrealisticsimulationsoffluidinjectionintoagivenNFRusingthe3DECDEMmodel.Thesimulationsincludedcoupledfluidflow-deformationanalysis,failuretypeandextentcalculations,aswellasase
7、riesofparametricanalyses.Theparametersinvestigatedincluded:1)injectionrateanditseffectontheoverallinjectionresults,and2)fluidviscosity,whichhadasignificantinfluenceontheratiooftensile(mode1)failureversusshearfailure.IntroductionAccordingtoaUSDepartmentofEnergy-commissionedreport(
8、GWPC,2009),theUnitedStatescontains1,744t
