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1、寧夏大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文寧夏引黃灌區(qū)低污染種植模式研究姓名:趙亞慧申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別:碩士專業(yè):作物栽培學(xué)與耕作學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師:許強(qiáng)201203摘要寧夏引黃灌區(qū)以農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展為主,為了提高灌區(qū)作物的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,農(nóng)民采用大量施肥以提高作物的產(chǎn)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,在生產(chǎn)管理中翻耕除草,使得農(nóng)田土壤疏松,以致土壤中氮磷養(yǎng)分易于流失并隨農(nóng)田退水進(jìn)入黃河,從而加劇了黃河水質(zhì)的污染。因此從源頭上降低氮磷養(yǎng)分的進(jìn)入黃河,對(duì)于緩解和改善黃河水質(zhì)有重要的積極作用。本文以控制灌區(qū)農(nóng)田生產(chǎn)中的氮、磷等特征污染物為目標(biāo),在寧夏靈武農(nóng)場(chǎng)開(kāi)展低污染作物種植模式田問(wèn)試驗(yàn),通過(guò)對(duì)13種種植模式在不同生育期定期采取田問(wèn)O-120cm土
2、樣,測(cè)定其中氮磷素的空間分布,分析比較了氮磷素在土壤中遷移和淋溶的規(guī)律。參考土壤中的氮磷殘留篩選出低污染種植模式,旨在構(gòu)建適宜于寧夏引黃灌區(qū)農(nóng)田降污減排的作物優(yōu)化種植結(jié)構(gòu)。主要結(jié)果如下:(1)在13種種植模式o_-30cm、30—60cm、60---90cm和90--120cm氮素、磷素平衡分析和o-_30cm、30---60cm兩個(gè)層次土壤中全氮、全磷含量的對(duì)比分析可見(jiàn),與春小麥/玉米(CK)相比,春小麥一芹菜、冬小麥一水稻和冬小麥一油葵對(duì)降低土壤氮磷含量及減少氮磷流失的效果最為明顯。(2)通過(guò)層次分析法種植模式綜合效益,兼顧產(chǎn)量的低污染模式選擇,以間套作為主,增加田面的生
3、長(zhǎng)期覆蓋度,對(duì)降低土壤及退水氮磷殘留具有重要意義,同時(shí)考慮到寧夏引黃灌區(qū)生產(chǎn)的可行性,選擇冬小麥一水稻、冬小麥一青貯、冬小麥一油葵、春小麥一大白菜4種模式為較為理想的對(duì)土壤污染較低且生態(tài)效益、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益較好的種植模式。關(guān)鍵詞:引黃灌區(qū);種植模式;氮磷殘留AbstractNingxiaYellowRiverIrrigationareamainlydeveloponagriculture,inordertoImprovethecropvieldsandeconomicbenefits,farmersusealotoffertilizer,ploughingandweedingtom
4、akethesoil100se,resultinginnitrogenandphosphorusinthesoileasetolossandinflowtheYellowRiverwithwateroutflowfromthefarmland,thusaggravatingthewaterpollutionoftheYellowRiver.Therefore,toreducenitrogenandphosphorusintotheYellowRiverfromthesource,takesanimportantandpositiver01einthemitigationand
5、improvementoftheYellowRiverwaterq矗ality.Thispaperaimstocontrolthecharacteristicspollutantsasnitrogenandphosphorus,carryingoutlow‘pollutioncroppingpatternfieldtestsontheLingwufarminNingxia.Takethesoilsamplesof0—120cmtoanalyzeandcompareofthelawsofthenitrogenandphosphoruspigmentmigrationinthes
6、oilandleachingbydetectingthespatialdistributionofnitrogenandphosphorus.Filteroutthelow—pollutioncroppingpatternsinthe‘eferenceofsoilresidualofnitrogenandphosphorus,aimstobuildasuitablecroppingpatternfortheNingxla1佬110wRiverirrigatedarea,andthentoreducepollutionemissionreductiontooptimizethe
7、plantingstrncture.Themainresultsareasfollows:(1)0—30cm、30—60cm、60.90cmand90-120cmfourlevels13kindsofcroppingpatternsthenitrogenandphosphorusbalanceanalysisand0-30cm、30—60cmtwolevelsofsoiltotalnitrogen,totalphosphomscontentofthecontrastanalysisshowsthat,c