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1、DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0378.2008.00313.xSchopenhauer,Nietzsche,DeathandSalvationJulianYoungMindfulofSchopenhauer’sBuddhistaffinities,onemightventureasummaryofthefour-bookedWorldasWillandRepresentationbymeansoffour‘nobletruths’:theworldismyrepresentation;itsessence
2、iswill,thatistosay,suffering;temporaryreleasefromsufferingispossiblethroughart;permanentreleaseispossiblethrough‘denialofthewill’,thatistosay,death.Sincetheappearanceofdeathinthefourth‘nobletruth’maycausesomesurprise,letmebeginbyjustifyingitsintroduction.1Pier
3、reHadothashelpedusrememberthatatitsinception,philosophyhadnottheoreticalknowledgebutpracticalwisdomasitsultimategoalandjustification,thewisdomofhowtoliveahappylifeinanuncertainworld.Ancientphilosophywasphilo-sophia,notphilo-theoria.Itistothisoriginal2understan
4、dingoftheenterprisethatSchopenhauerreturnswhenhewritesthatitisthechieftaskofphilosophy,asitisofreligion,toprovidea‘consolation’inthefaceofdeath.This,hesays,iswhySocrateswasrighttodefinephilosophyas3a‘preparationfordeath’.Tothisdefinitionofthetaskheaddsafurther
5、4specification:sincedeathconceivedasentryintoa‘dark’andempty‘nothing’,asabsoluteannihilation,is,forhumanbeings,thesummummalum,ourworstfear,5anyeffectiveconsolationmustsatisfythe‘metaphysicalneed’;theneedtobe6assuredof‘theindestructibilityofourtruenature’bydeat
6、h.7Schopenhauersatisfieshisownmeta-philosophicalrequirementbyappealtotheidealismannouncedinthefirstofhis‘nobletruths’.Idealismis,hesays,the8‘mostcompleteanswer’tothequestionofimmortality,guaranteeing,asitdoes,the‘indestructibility’ofourtrueself.Foraccordingtoi
7、dealism,lifeandtheworldare,ultimatelyspeaking,a‘dream’.Butadreamrequiresadreamerwhoisnotpartofthedream,atranscendentsubject.Itfollowsthatdeathisnomorethantheendofthedream(ornightmare),thatourrealselfisuntouchedbyit.Of9coursemostofthetimeweusethat‘equivocal’wor
8、d‘I’torefertoourordinary,everyday,embodiedegos.Butthemetaphysicalinsight—andensuingpracticalwisdom—thatSchopenhauer’sphilosophyisintendedtohelpusachieveleadsustoseethatthetrue‘I’is
