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1、ComputerNetworks35(2001)473±497www.elsevier.com/locate/comnetTheNinjaarchitectureforrobustInternet-scalesystemsandservicesStevenD.Gribble*,MattWelsh,RobvonBehren,EricA.Brewer,DavidCuller,N.Borisov,S.Czerwinski,R.Gummadi,J.Hill,A.Joseph,R.H.Katz,Z.M.Mao,S.Ross,B.ZhaoC
2、omputerScienceDivision,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA94720-1776,USAAbstractTheNinjaprojectseekstoenablethebroadinnovationofrobust,scalable,distributedInternetservices,andtopermittheemergingclassofextremelyheterogeneousdevicestoseamlesslyaccesstheseservices.Ourarc
3、hitectureconsistsoffourbasicelements:bases,whicharepowerfulworkstationclusterenvironmentswithasoftwareplatformthatsimpli?esscalableserviceconstruction;units,whicharethedevicesbywhichusersaccesstheservices;activeproxies,whicharetransformationalelementsthatareusedforun
4、it-orservice-speci?cadaptation;andpaths,whichareanabstractionthroughwhichunits,services,andactiveproxiesarecomposed.ó2001ElsevierScienceB.V.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Distributedsystems;Scalableservices;Pervasivecomputing;Thinclients;Ninjaarchitecture1.Introductionof
5、information.Inaddition,servicesarepresentingthemselvesinamultitudeofformstomatchtheTheemergingInternetlandscapeispopulatedparticularcapabilitiesofPCs,PDAs,Webphones,byrichservicesofimmensescalethatareoeredtoandotherdevices;thisadaptationtodiversityadiversespectrumofc
6、lients.Thispresentsexcitingraisesnewnotionsofservicecompositionandopportunitiesforinnovationinthekindsofser-contenttransformation.Moreover,thesenewser-vicesthatcanbecreated,butalsopresentstre-vicesmaybeutilizedbymillionsofusers.mendousdesignandengineeringchallenges.T
7、heInthisopportunityforinnovationandvasttraditionalsuiteofinformationstores,commercedeliveryliesadeepengineeringchallenge:asuc-sites,networkservices,andsearchenginesarebe-cessfulservicemayneedtoscaletohugelevelsofingcombinedinnovelwaystoprovidenewser-loadoverashortper
8、iodanditmustbecontinu-vicesthataggregateandtransformmanysourcesouslyavailable.TheNinjaprojectseekstoaddressthesetwogoals±enablingbr
