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1、FoundationsofStatisticalNaturalLanguageProcessingChristopherD.ManningHinrichTheMITPressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,EnglandSecondprinting,1999MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologySecondprintingwithcorrections,2000Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelectronicor
2、mechanicalmeans(includingphotocopying,recording,orinforma-tionstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.TypesetinBrightbytheauthorsusingPrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationInformationManning,ChristopherD.Foundationsof
3、statisticalnaturallanguageprocessingChristopherD.Manning,HinrichSchutze.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferences(p.andindex.ISBN0-262-13360-l1.Computationallinguistics-Statisticalmethods.I.Schutze,Hinrich.II.Title.199999-21137BriefContentsIPreliminaries11Introduction32MathematicalFoundat
4、ions393LinguisticEssentials814Corpus-BasedWork117IIWords1495Collocations1516StatisticalInference:n-gramModelsoverSparseData1917WordSenseDisambiguation2298LexicalAcquisition265IIIGrammar3159MarkovModels31710Part-of-SpeechTagging34111ProbabilisticContextFreeGrammars38112ProbabilisticPars
5、ing407IvApplicationsandTechniques46113StatisticalAlignmentandMachineTranslation46314Clustering49515TopicsinInformationRetrieval52916TextCategorization575ContentsListofTablesxvListofFiguresxxiTableofNotationsxxvPrefaceRoadMapIPreliminaries11Introduction31.1RationalistandEmpiricistApproa
6、chestoLanguage41.2ScientificContent71.2.1Questionsthatlinguisticsshouldanswer81.2.2Non-categoricalphenomenainlanguage111.2.3Languageandcognitionasprobabilisticphenomena151.3TheAmbiguityofLanguage:WhyNLPIsDifficult171.4DirtyHands191.4.1Lexicalresources191.4.2Wordcounts201.4.3Zipf’slaws2
7、31.4.4Collocations291.4.5Concordances311.5FurtherReading34Contents1.6Exercises352MathematicalFoundations392.1ElementaryProbabilityTheory402.1.1Probabilityspaces402.1.2Conditionalprobabilityandindependence422.1.3Bayes’theorem432.1.4Randomvariables452.1.5Expectationandvariance462.1.6No
