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1、IEEETRANSACTIONSONCIRCUITSANDSYSTEMSI:REGULARPAPERS,VOL.58,NO.1,JANUARY20111Sigma-DeltaModulators:TutorialOverview,DesignGuide,andState-of-the-ArtSurveyJoséM.delaRosa,SeniorMember,IEEE(InvitedPaper)Abstract—Thispaperpresentsatutorialoverviewof61mod-ulators,theiroperatingprincip
2、lesandarchitectures,circuiterrorsandmodels,designmethods,andpracticalissues.AreviewofthestateoftheartonnanometerCMOSimplementationsisdescribed,givingasurveyofcutting-edge61architectures,withemphasisontheirapplicationtothenextgenerationofwirelesstelecomsys-tems.IndexTerms—Sigma-
3、deltamodulation,oversamplinganalog-to-digitalconversion.I.INTRODUCTIONFig.1.ConceptualADC.(a)Blockdiagram.(b)Signalprocessing.INCEthe?rstideaunderlyingtheoperationofSmodulatorsMswaspatented[1]andappliedtoThispaperpresentsabroadsurveyofMs,1thenewad-implementanalog-to-digitalconv
4、erters(ADCs)[2]aroundvancesandtrendsinarchitectures,circuittechniques,design50yearsago,therehasbeenahugenumberofcircuitsandmethodologies,andpracticalconsiderations,withemphasisonsystemsexploitingMsinmanydifferentindustrialappli-nanometerCMOSrealization.Thepaperisorganizedasfol-
5、cationsfrominstrumentationtocommunications[3][16].lows.SectionIIgivesabriefbackgroundregardingfundamen-BasedonthecombinationofoversamplingandquantizationtalsofADCsandbasicconceptsunderlyingMs.SectionIIIerrorshapingtechniques,MsachieveahighdegreeofsurveysthebasicMarchitecturesan
6、dSectionIVdescribesinsensitivitytoanalogcircuitimperfections,thusmakingthemtheirmainbuildingblocks,errormechanismsaswellastheap-agoodchoice(thebestoneinmanycases)torealizeembeddedplicationoftheiranalysisandmodelstothedevelopmentofanalog-to-digitalinterfacesinmodernsystems-on-ch
7、ip(SoCs)designmethodologies.Finally,SectionVsumsupthestate-of-integratedinnanometerCMOS.the-artperformance,trends,andchallenges.Inspiteoftheaforementionedadvantages,thedesignofCMOSMsinvolvesanumberofpracticalissuesandII.FUNDAMENTALSOFMODULATORStrade-offsthatmustbetakenintoaccou
8、ntinordertooptimizeTheoperationofMsreliesonthecombinat
