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1、直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)一種是將某人說(shuō)的話一字不改地引用,把它放在引號(hào)內(nèi),叫“直接引語(yǔ)(directspeech)”;另一種是為了簡(jiǎn)潔和緊湊,對(duì)原話作適當(dāng)?shù)母淖儯米约旱脑挵颜f(shuō)話的內(nèi)容和想法傳達(dá)給第三者,叫“間接引語(yǔ)(indirectspeech)”。例如:直接引語(yǔ):Tomsaid,“IneverworkonSundays.”間接引語(yǔ):TomsaidthatheneverworkedonSundays.一、直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)的一般規(guī)則:在間接引語(yǔ)中,時(shí)態(tài)、代詞、狀語(yǔ)等應(yīng)該作相應(yīng)的變化。⑴如果引語(yǔ)的引述動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí),我們一般用說(shuō)話者原話中的時(shí)態(tài)。如果引述動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí),
2、引語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該作相應(yīng)的變化,具體規(guī)則如下:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)→過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí)“Iamverybusy,”hesaid.→Hesaysthatheisbusy.→Hesaidthathewasbusy.⑵直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),人稱(chēng)代詞、指示代詞以及時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)也應(yīng)作改變。規(guī)則如下:this→thatthese→thosemy→his/herhere→therenow→thentoday→thatdaytonight→thatnightthisweek→thatwe
3、ekyesterday→thedaybeforelastweek→theweekbeforetwodaysago→twodaysbeforetomorrow→thenext/followingdaynextmonth→thenext/followingmonth1)。如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或者將來(lái)時(shí),見(jiàn)解引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。2).如果間接引語(yǔ)是一般真理、格言時(shí),,論主句用何種時(shí)態(tài),間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)均不改變。e.g.Theteachersaid,“Theearthisround.”Theteachersaidthattheearthisround.Our
4、teachersaid,“TheFirstWorldWarstartedin1914andendedin1918.”O(jiān)urteachersaidthattheFirstWorldWarstartedin1914andendedin1918.3)如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在仍然存在時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。JustnowTomsaid,“Mymotherisilltoday,Ihavetostayathome.”3JustnowTomsaidthathismotherisilltodayandhehastostayathome.一、各種不同句式的直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)
5、的方法:⑴直接引語(yǔ)為陳述句時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)由that引導(dǎo)(常省略)。said可改為told?!癐amverytired,”shesaidShesaidthatshewasverytired./Shetoldmethatshewasverytired.⑵直接引語(yǔ)為一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)由連詞if或whether引導(dǎo),并將原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序。said可改為asked?!癢illyougotoseethefilmtomorrow?”Tomsaid.Tomasked(me)if/whetherIwouldgotoseethefilmthenextday.【注】
6、:當(dāng)問(wèn)句包含了一個(gè)選擇,常選用whether,而不用if?!癆reyouillorjustlazy?”theyasked.→TheyaskedmewhetherIwasillorjustlazy⑶直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)用原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo),將原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序?!癢hichonedoyoulikebest?”heaskedme.HeaskedmewhichoneIlikedbest.⑷直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)不再是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,而是把動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式。還應(yīng)把主句中的動(dòng)詞按照語(yǔ)氣改為tell(要,叫),ask(請(qǐng)求),order(命
7、令)等,同時(shí)補(bǔ)充祈使句的主語(yǔ)作這些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。表示命令,用tell,order,command等。表示請(qǐng)求,用ask,beg,request等。表示忠告,用advise。例如:“Stayhere!”theofficersaidtothesoldier.Theofficerorderedthesoldiertostaythere.Hesaidtothestudents,“Don’tgoonreadingthetest.”Hetoldthestudentsnottogoonreadingthetext.(5)主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+“感嘆句”間引:主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+陳述句Hesai
8、d,“whatafinedayitis