Springer.Advances.in.Biochemical.Engineering.Biotechnology.History.of

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1、PrefaceTheaimoftheAdvancesofBiochemicalEngineering/Biotechnologyistokeepthereaderinformedontherecentprogressintheindustrialapplicationofbiology.Geneticalengineering,metabolismondbioprocessdevelopmentinclud-inganalytics,automationandnewsoftwarearethedominantfieldsofinterest.Ther

2、ebyprogressmadeinmicrobiology,plantandanimalcellculturehasbeenreviewedforthelastdecadeorso.TheSpecialIssueontheHistoryofBiotechnology(splittedintoVol.69and70)isanexceptiontotheotherwiseforwardorientededitorialpolicy.Itcoversatimespanofapproximatelyfiftyyearsanddescribesthechang

3、esfromatimewithrathercharacteristicfeaturesofempiricalstrategiestohighlydevelopedandspecializedenterprises.SuccessofthepresentbiotechnologystilldependsonsubstantialinvestmentinR&Dundertakenbyprivateandpublicinvestors,researchers,andenterpreneurs.Alsoanumberofnewscientificandbus

4、inessorientedorganisationsaimatthepromotionofscienceandtechnologyandthetransfertoactiveenterprises,capitalraising,improvementofeducationandfosteringinternationalrelationships.Mostoftheseactivitiesrelatedtomodernbiotechnologydidnotexistimmediatelyafterthewar.Scientistsworkedinsm

5、allgroupsandanestablishedsciencepolicydidn’texist.Thissituationexplainsthelongperiodoftimefromthedetectionoftheanti-bioticeffectbyAlexanderFlemingin1928totheratandmousetestingbyBrianChainandHowartFlorey(1940).Thefollowingdevelopmentsuptotheproduc-tionlevelwerearealbreakthroughn

6、otonlybiologically(penicillinwasthefirstantibiotic)butalsotechnically(firstscaled-upmicrobialmasscultureundersterileconditions).Theantibioticindustryprovidedtheprocessingstrategiesforstrainimprovement(selectionofmutants)andthesearchfornewstrains(screening)aswellasthetechnologie

7、sfortheasepticmasscultureanddown-streamprocessing.Theprocesscanthereforebeconsideredasoneofthemajordevelopmentsofthattimewhatgraduallyevolvedinto“Biotechnology”inthelate1960s.Reasonsforthenewnamewerethepotentialapplicationofa“new”(molecular)biologywithits“new”(molecular)genetic

8、s,theinventionofelec-troniccomputingandinformationscie