動(dòng)機(jī)理論和激勵(lì)方法【外文翻譯】

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1、原文：MotivationalTheoriesandIncentivesApproachesRaiSumitaRewardSystem:TheObjectiveMotivatingFactorMotivationaltheoricscanalsobeconceptualisedintotheviewsofthreedifferentschools:physiological,cognitiveandbehavioural.Itisobviousthatnoneofthesetheoriesprovidesacompleteanswer.Somefocussolelyonmonetaryasp

2、ects,andothersontherelationshipaspect.Thephysiologicalschoolofthoughtholdsthatallbehaviourisdeterminedbyphysiologicalneeds;cognitivetheoristsassumethattheemployee’sbehaviourisentirelybasedonrationalthoughtprocesses;andbehaviouristsassumethatcertainbehaviourscanbeselectivelyreinforcedthroughreward,a

3、ndothersdiscouraged.Tosumup,wemaysaythatthelinkbetweenperformanceandmotivationstartedwiththenotionthatfinancialrewardsdohelpimproveperformance,butthiswaslaterdevelopedtoincludeanumberofnon-financialfactors.Atpresentnoneofthetheoriescanadequatelydescribethelinkbetweenthetwo.However,thecontextualappr

4、oachappearstobeabetteroptiontodefinetherelationship,asitfocusesonbothfinancialandnon-financialrewardandthecomponentofsignificantenvironment,andintegratesthenotionofindividual’sselfwithhis/hercontext.Heretheexternalcontextincludesthenatureoftask,kindofrewardetc.,whiletheinternalcontextincludesthenee

5、dandvaluesystemofanindividualand,attheorganisationallevel,theculture.Thepowerofcontextovermotivationisanimportantareaofstudy.Thedefinitionofrewardandthestructureoftherewardsystemhaveundergonemanychangesinthelasttwodecades.Intoday’sbusinessenvironmentthewordrewardcoversabroadrangeinvolvingallaspects

6、offixedpayandotheremployeebenefitsincludingbonuses,pensionschemes,basecompensation,holidays,sickpay,medicalbenefits,lowinterestloans,cars,stockoptions,andcash.Asmentionedearlier,themainemphasisinthisstudyisonincentiveschemes,especiallythefinancialaspect.11WhatMotivatesanEmployee?Howcanwegetworkerst

7、obemoreproductive?Managementexpertshavetriedtoanswerthisquestionforseveralyears.Intheearlypartofthe20thCentury,employeeswereconsideredjustanotherinputintheproductionofgoodsandservices,butthisviewunderwentad