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1、Chapter5TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire(1688--1990)本章概要：1.輝格黨和托利黨2.圈地運(yùn)動(dòng)3.18世紀(jì)英國(guó)工業(yè)革命4.憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)（1836--1848）5.英國(guó)的殖民擴(kuò)張6.英國(guó)與兩次世界大戰(zhàn)以及英帝國(guó)的衰落7.撒切爾主義第一部分：WhigsandToriesTheWhigswerethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNonconformists.TheWhigsweretoformacoalitionwithdisside
2、ntToriesinthemid-19thcenturyandbecometheLiberalParty.輝格黨人是指那些反對(duì)絕對(duì)王權(quán)，支持新教徒宗教自由權(quán)利的人。輝格黨人在19世紀(jì)中葉與持不同意見(jiàn)的托利黨人組成聯(lián)盟，建立自由黨。TheTorieswerethosewhosupportedhereditarymonarchyandwerereluctanttoremovekings.TheToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty.托利黨人是指那些支持世襲王權(quán)、不愿去除國(guó)王的人。托利黨是保守黨的前身。AgriculturalChan
3、gesintheLate18thCentury 18世紀(jì)末的農(nóng)業(yè)革命Duringthelate18thandearly19thcenturies,the“open-field”systemendedwhentheEnclosureActwaspassed.Themovementlastedforcenturies.18世紀(jì)末、19世紀(jì)初的農(nóng)業(yè)革命期間，隨著《圈地法》的頒布，傳統(tǒng)的“開(kāi)放田地”制結(jié)束。圈地運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)了將近一個(gè)多世紀(jì)。Agriculturalenclosurehadgoodaswellasbadresults:（1）Farmsbecamebiggerandbiggerun
4、itsasthegreatboughtupthesmall;由于大農(nóng)場(chǎng)兼并了小農(nóng)場(chǎng)，規(guī)模越來(lái)越大；（2）Morevegetables,moremilkandmoredairyproducewereconsumed,anddietbecamemorevaried;人們消費(fèi)的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越來(lái)越多，飲食種類愈加豐富；（3）Enclosurewasadisasterforthetenantsevictedfromtheirlandsbytheenclosures.Thesepeasantfarmerswereforcedtolookforworkintowns.Enclosurele
5、dtomassemigration,particularlytotheNewWorld;圈地對(duì)佃家而言是場(chǎng)災(zāi)難，他們被收回土地，被迫到城鎮(zhèn)找工作。圈地運(yùn)動(dòng)導(dǎo)致了大規(guī)模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陸。（4）Anewclasshostilitywasintroducedintoruralrelationships.農(nóng)村關(guān)系中產(chǎn)生了新的階級(jí)對(duì)立。II.TheIndustrialRevolution(1780-1830)工業(yè)革命TheindustrialRevolutionreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinso
6、cialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.工業(yè)革命指的是17世紀(jì)末、18世紀(jì)初英國(guó)工業(yè)的機(jī)械化，以及因此而導(dǎo)致的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。2．Britainwasthefirstcountrytoindustrializebecauseofthefollowingfactors:(1)Favorablegeographicallocation.BritainwaswellplacedgeographicallytoparticipateinEuropeanandworldtrade;
7、優(yōu)越的地理位置：英國(guó)地理位置優(yōu)越，適合參與歐洲與世界貿(mào)易；(2)Politicalstability.Britainhadapeacefulsociety,which,afterthe17thcentury,wasincreasinglyinterestedinoverseastradeandcolonies.Internationaltradebroughtwealthtomerchantsandcitybankers.Theyandthosewhohaddonew
