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1、Chapter1FACTORSAFFECTINGFLOWERINGINORNAMENTALPLANTSJohnErwinDepartmentofHorticulturalScience,UniversityofMinnesota,1970FolwellAvenue,St.Paul,MN55108U.S.A.Abstract:Floweringisthecornerstoneoffloriculturalcrops,regardlessofclass(beddingplants,herbaceou
2、sperennials,cutflowers,floweringpottedplants);theonlycropexceptionsarethosegrownfortheircolorfulfoliage.Duringflowerbreedingandcropdomestication,bothpublicandprivatesectorflowerbreedingprogramsmustconductresearchtodiscernthevariouscontrolmechanismsfo
3、rflowerinitiationanddevelopment.Importantfloweringconceptscoveredinthischapterincludeautonomousregulation(phasechange;species,meristemsize,andenvironmentalfactoraffects),externalregulation(photoperiodism,vernalization,devernalization,irradianceandlig
4、htquality,andtheirinteractions),irradianceinduction,stressinduction(ehtylene,water),flowerdevelopmentrequirements(photoperiodism,temperature,stress),anddormancy.Keywords:Dormancy,facultativeirradianceresponse,floralevocation,floralinduction,flowerini
5、tiation,flowerdevelopment,heatdelay,irradianceindifference,phasechange,plantgrowthregulators,vernalization.1.INTRODUCTIONFlowering,orthetransitionfromleaf(vegetativephase)toflower(reproductivephase)productionbyameristem,canbestimulatedbyinternalorext
6、ernalcues.Internalorautonomouscuesincludefloweringresponsesthatresultfromfactorssuchasplantageorsize.Incontrast,externalcuesincludefloweringresponsesthatresultfromenvironmentalstimulisuchasday/nightlength,lowtemperature,fire,and/orthepresenceofwater.
7、Thedevelopmentofinternalcuestocontrolfloweringenableplantstoregulatefloweringwhenaplantisatanoptimalsizeorage.The7N.O.Anderson(ed.),FlowerBreedingandGenetics,7–48.?2007Springer.8Chapter1developmentofexternalcuesallowsforoptimaltimingoffloweringduring
8、ayeartoensuresuccessfulpollinationandseeddevelopmentpriortoinclementconditionsaswellasforsynchronizedfloweringwithinapopulation.Suchsynchronyisessentialtoforsuccessfulcross-pollinationofoutcrossingspecies.Stepsinthefloweringprocess,aswellasautonomous
