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1、Hydrothermalsynthesisofmultiwallcarbonnanotubesa)YuryGogotsiandJosephA.LiberaUniversityofIllinoisatChicago,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,842WestTaylorStreet,M/C251,Chicago,Illinois60607-7022MasahiroYoshimuraTokyoInstituteofTechnology,MaterialsandStructuresLaboratory,4259Nagat
2、suta,Midori-ku,Yokohama226,Japan(Received10February2000;accepted21September2000)Multiwallopen-endandclosedcarbonnanotubeswiththewallthicknessfromseveraltomorethan100carbonlayerswereproducedbyaprincipallynewmethodDhydrothermalsynthesisDusingpolyethylene/watermixturesinthepresenceo
3、fnickelat700±800°Cunder60±100MPapressure.Animportantfeatureofhydrothermalnanotubesisasmallwallthickness,whichisabout10%ofthelargeinnerdiameterof20±800nm.Closednanotubeswereleak-tightbyvirtueofholdingencapsulatedwaterathighvacuumandcanbeusedastesttubesforinsituexperimentsintransmi
4、ssionelectronmicroscope(TEM).Ramanmicrospectroscopyanalysisofsinglenanotubesshowsawell-orderedgraphiticstructure,inagreementwithhigh-resolutionTEM.Thehydrothermalsynthesishasthepotentialforproducingmultiwallnanotubesforavarietyofapplications.Thefabricationofnanotubesunderhydrothe
5、rmalconditionsmayexplaintheirpresenceincoalsandcarbonaceousrocksandsuggeststhattheyshouldbepresentinnaturalgraphitedepositsformedunderhydrothermalconditions.1Carbonnanotubesareamongthemostexcitingnewmaterials,ahigherdiffusivitythaninliquidstate,alowmaterialsbeinginvestigatedandsy
6、nthesizedbecauseofviscosityfacilitatingmasstransport,andhighcompress-2theirpotentialforuseinnewtechnologiesanddevices.ibilityallowingforeasychangesindensityanddissolv-10Inparticular,multiwallnanotubes(MWNTs)areofin-ingpower.Aswasfoundbytheauthors,carbonterestbecausetheirsizecanbe
7、variedinawiderange,coatingscanbeformedinhigh-pressure,high-temperature11allowingforavarietyofapplications,includingcompos-water.Takingintoaccountthefactthattheforma-34ites,hydrogenstorage,nano-actuators,templatesfortionofhydrothermalcarboncanoccurunderrelatively5nanorods/nanowire
8、s,thenextgenerationofelectroniclowtemper
