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1、Neuropsychologia46(2008)20432055ImpactofambiguityandriskondecisionmakinginmildAlzheimersdiseaseH.Sinz?,L.Zamarian,T.Benke,G.K.Wenning,M.DelazerClinicalDepartmentofNeurology,InnsbruckMedicalUniversity,Anichstrasse35,6020Innsbruck,AustriaReceived6Septe
2、mber2007;receivedinrevisedform30January2008;accepted1February2008Availableonline8February2008AbstractDecisionsunderambiguityanddecisionsunderriskarecrucialtypesofdecisionmakingindailylivingatanyage.Thisisthe?rststudyassessingthesetwotypesofdecisionsi
3、npatientswithmilddementiaofAlzheimerstype(DAT)bymeansoftheIowaGamblingTask(IGT)andanewlydeveloped,Probability-AssociatedGambling(PAG)task.WhilerulesforgainsandlossesareimplicitintheIGT,inthePAGtaskrulesareexplicitandwinningprobabilities,whichchangefr
4、omtrialtotrial,canbeestimated.ResultsoftheIGTindicatedthatDATpatientsmademoredisadvantageousdecisionsthanhealthycontrols.Patientsalsoshiftedmorefrequentlyamongdecks,i.e.underambiguitydecisionsweretakenrandomlyandnoadvantageousstrategywasestablishedov
5、ertimebyDATpatients.Thus,notonlyactualchoicesbutalsodevelopmentofadvantageousstrategiesmayberevealingaboutdecisionmakingintheIGT.Comparedtocontrols,patientsdemonstratedlessadvantageouschoicesinthePAGtaskaswell.Theygambledmoreofteninthelowwinningproba
6、bilitiesandlessfrequentlyinthehighprobabilitiesthanhealthyparticipants.Patientsperformanceonbothtaskscorrelatedwithmeasuresofexecutivefunctions.Findingsofthepresentinvestigationareconsistentwiththeearlypathologicalcerebralchangesandrelated(cognitive,
7、emotional)de?citsreportedforDAT.Assuggestedbyourstudy,decisionsunderambiguityaswellasdecisionsunderriskareimpairedinmildDAT.ItmaythusbeexpectedthatpatientswithmildDAThavedif?cultiesintakingdecisionsinevery-daylifesituations,bothincasesofambiguity(inf
8、ormationonprobabilityismissingorcon?icting,andtheexpectedutilityofthedifferentoptionsisincalculable)andincasesofrisk(outcomescanbepredictedbywell-de?nedorestimableprobabilities).?2008ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Decision;Risk;Ambiguity;DAT1
