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1、ConceptualModelingofInformationSystemsAntoniOlivéConceptualModelingofInformationSystemsWith185Figures123AuthorAntoniOlivéUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunyaDepartmentofSoftware(LSI)JordiGirona1-3,E-08034BarcelonaCatalonia,Spainolive@lsi.upc.eduLibraryofCongressControlNumber:200
2、7932289ACMComputingClassi?cation(1998):D.2.1,D.2.2,H.2.1,I.6.5,F.3.1ISBN978-3-540-39389-4SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkThisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,speci?callytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustra
3、tions,recitation,broad-casting,reproductiononmicro?lmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.DuplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpring
4、er.ViolationsareliableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMediaspringer.com?Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2007Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspeci?c
5、statement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantpro-tectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.TypesetbytheauthorProduction:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&V?cklerGbR,LeipzigCoverdesign:KünkelLopkaWerbeagentur,HeidelbergPrintedonacid-freepaper45/3180/YL-543210ForewordItisnow
6、morethanfiftyyearssincethefirstpaperonformalspecificationsofaninformationsystemwaspublishedbyYoungandKent.Eveniftheterm“conceptualmodel”wasnotusedatthattime,thebasicintentionoftheabstractspecificationwastoalargeextentthesameasfordevelopingconceptualmodelstoday:toarriveataprec
7、ise,abstract,andhardwarein-dependentmodeloftheinformationalandtimecharacteristicsofadataprocessingproblem.Theabstractnotationshouldenabletheanalysttoor-ganizetheproblemaroundanypieceofhardware.Inotherwords,thepur-poseofanabstractspecificationwasforittobeusedasaninvariantbasis
8、fordesigningdifferentalternativeimplementations,perhapsevenusingdiff
