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1、10,tobeginwith,thelegalsystemhasstructure.thestructureofalegalsystemconsistsofthiskind:thenumberandsizeofcourts;theirjurisdiction;andmodesofappealfromonecourttoanother.structurealsomeanshowthelegislatureisorganized,whatapresidentcan(legally)doornotdo,whatproceduresthepolicedepartmentfoll
2、ows,andsoon.anotheraspectofthelegalsystemisitssubstance.bythisitmeanttheactualrules,norms,andbehaviorpatternsofpeopleinsidethesystem.首先，法律制度有結(jié)構(gòu)。一個(gè)法律制度的結(jié)構(gòu)由這類的數(shù)量和大小的法院；管轄；和訴求方式從一個(gè)法院another.structure也意味著如何立法組織，什么總統(tǒng)（法律）做或不做，什么程序，警察部門如下，等等。法律制度的另一個(gè)方面是它的實(shí)質(zhì)。這意味著系統(tǒng)中的人的實(shí)際規(guī)則、規(guī)范和行為模式。11,thelawofcon
3、tractisconcernedwiththeenforcementofpromissoryobligations.contractuailiabilityisusuallybasedonconsentfreelygivenintheformofanexpresspromiseoroneimpliedinfactformtheactsoftheparties.insomecircumstances,however,thecourtswillimplyapromise(oftencalledimpliedinlaworquasicontract)inordertoavoi
4、dunjustenrichmentinspiteoflackofconsentbythepartywhoisboundby.合同法與履行義務(wù)有關(guān)。contractuai責(zé)任通常是基于同意的情況下隨意的形式給出一個(gè)表示承諾或一個(gè)事實(shí)默示形式當(dāng)事人的行為。然而，在某些情況下，法院將意味著一個(gè)承諾（通常被稱為隱含在法律或準(zhǔn)合同），以避免不公正的豐富，盡管缺乏同意由黨誰(shuí)被約束。12,paragraph1ofarticle153ofthecriminallawisamendedas:"whoeversmugglesgoodsorarticlesnotspecifiedinarti
5、cle151,article152andarticle347hereinshall,dependingontheseverityofthecircumstances,bepunishedinaccordancewiththefollowingprovisionsrespectively:1、ifhesmugglesgoodsandarticlestoevadeordodgethepayabledutiestoalargeramountorcommitssmugglingagainafterbeinggivenadministrativepenaltiestwiceaga
6、instsmugglingwithinoneyear,heshallbesentencedtofixed-termimprisonmentofnotmorethanthreeyearsorcriminaldetention,andbeconcurrentlysubjecttoafineofnotlessthanonetimebutnotmorethanfivetimestheamountofpayabledutiesevadedordodged.2、iftheamountofpayabledutiesevadedordodgedforsmugglinggoodsanda
7、rticlesishugeorthereareotherseriouscircumstances,heshallbesentencedtofixed-termimprisonmentofnotlessthanthreeyearsbutnotmorethantenyears,andshallbeconcurrentlysubjecttoafineofnotlessthanonetimebutnotmorethanfivetimestheamountofpayabledutiesevadedordodged.3、iftheamountofpa
