Negative Refractive Index Materials

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1、Copyright?2006AmericanScienti?cPublishersJournalofAllrightsreservedComputationalandTheoreticalNanosciencePrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaVol.3,1–30,2006REVIEWNegativeRefractiveIndexMaterialsVictorVeselago,1LeonidBraginsky,2ValeryShklover,3andChristianHafner4
?1Laborator

2、yofMagneticMaterials,A.M.ProkhorovInstituteofGeneralPhysics,38VavilovStreet,119991Moscow,Russia2InstituteofSemiconductors’Physics,13Lavrent’evaPr.,630090Novosibirsk,Russia3LaboratoryofCrystallography,ETHZürich,CH-8093Zürich,Switzerland4LaboratoryforElectromagneticFieldsa

3、ndMicrowaveElectronics,ETHZürich,CH-8092Zürich,SwitzerlandThemaindirectionsofstudiesofmaterialswithnegativeindexofrefraction,alsocalledleft-handedormetamaterials,arereviewed.First,thephysicsofthephenomenonofnegativerefractionandthehistoryofthisscienti?cbranchareoutlined.

4、Thenrecentresultsofstudiesofphotoniccrystalsthatexhibitnegativerefractionarediscussed.Inthethirdpartnumericalmethodsforthesimulationofnegativeindexmaterialcon?gurationsandofmetamaterialsthatexhibitnegativeindexpropertiesarepresented.Theadvantagesandtheshortagesofexisting

5、computerpackagesareanalyzed.Finally,detailsofthefabricationofdifferentkindsofmetamaterialsaregiven.Thisincludescompos-itemetamaterials,photoniccrystals,andtransmissionlinemetamaterialsfordifferentwavelengthsnamelyradiofrequencies,microwaves,terahertz,infrared,andvisiblel

6、ight.Furthermore,someexamplesofpracticalapplicationsofmetamaterialsarepresented.Keywords:NegativeRefractiveIndex,Metamaterials,Left-HandedMaterials,PhotonicCrystals,NumericalMethods,Nanotechnology.CONTENTSnotobservedbeforeinnaturalmedia.Themostprominentexampleofnotprevio

7、uslyobservedpropertiesaremeta-1.Introduction.................................1materialswithanegativeindexofrefraction,i.e.,Nega-2.TheoryofNegativeIndexRefractionPhenomena.........13.NegativeRefractioninPhotonicCrystals..............8tiveIndexMetamaterials(NIMs)thatareals

8、ocalledLeft3.1.Self-CollimatinginPhotonicCrystals.............10HandedMaterials(LHMs).After?rstexperime