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1、SPECIALRELATIVITYIntroduction:WhenMr.LaRosastartedtalkingaboutrelativityinclass,Ifirstwaslostanddidn’tgettheidea.AtThattimeIwasthinkingofasubjectformyproject.Ithoughtthenthatthesubjectofrelativitywouldbeinterestingandsohelpfultodosomeresearchesin.Sohere’sabriefexplanationto
2、theidearelativity.Relativity,involvesconsideringhowaneventorseriesofeventswouldlooktooneobservergiventhatyouknowhowitlookstoanotherobserverwhomaybemovingwithrespecttothefirst.Thisiscalled"transforming"theobservationfromoneframetoanother,andrelativitytellsushowtodothat.Thus,
3、weareconcernedwiththewaysomethingseemstooneobserverrelativetohowitseemstoanother.GalileanRelativityContrarytopopularopinion,Einsteindidnotinventrelativity.Galileoprecededhim.Aristotlehadproposedthatmovingobjects(ontheEarth)hadanaturaltendencytoslowdownandstop.Thisisshownint
4、hespace-timediagrambelow.Notethecurvedlineabove.Thisshowsavariablevelocity,oracceleration.GalileoobjectedtoAristotle'shypothesis,andaskedwhathappenedtoanobjectmovingonamovingship.Nowitisstillmovinginitsfinalstate.Galileoproposedthatitisonlyrelativevelocitiesthatmatter.Thusa
5、space-timediagramcanbetransformedbypaintingitonthesideofadeckofcards,andthenskewingthedecktooneside--butkeepingtheedgesalongastraightline:Straightlines(unacceleratedparticles)remainstraightinthisprocess.ThusNewton'sFirstLawispreserved,andnon-acceleratedlinesarespecial.ThisG
6、alileantransformationdoesnotaffectthetime.Thustwoobserversmovingwithrespecttoeachothercanstillagreeonthetime,andthusthedistancebetweentwoobjects,whichisthedifferenceintheirpositionsmeasuredatequaltimes,canbedefined.ThisallowedNewtontodescribeaninversesquarelawforgravity.But
7、Galileantransformationsdonotpreservevelocity.Thusthestatement"Thespeedlimitis70mph"doesnotmakesense.Accordingtorelativity,thismustbere-expressedas"Themagnitudeoftherelativevelocitybetweenyourcarandthepavementmustbelessthan70mph".RelativevelocitiesareOK.SpecialRelativityBut2
8、00yearsafterNewtonthetheoryofelectromagnetismwasdevelopedintoMaxwell'sequations.Th
