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1、Unit1Part11.Criticalthinkinginvolvesthinkingaboutthinking2.Theavailabilityheuristicinvolvesunconsciouslyassigningaprobabilitytoatypeofeventbasedonhowoftenonethinksofeventsofthattype.3.Anissuesimplyraisesaquestion.4.Thepartofanargumentthatprovidesareasonforacceptingtheotherpartiscalle
2、dthepremise.5.Ageneralruleweunconsciouslyfollowinestimatingprobabilitiesiscalledaheuristic.Part21.Theconclusionofanargumentiswhatthepremisesupposedlysupportsordemonstrates.2.Thetendencytoweighnegativeevidencemoreheavilythanpositiveevidenceiscalledanegativitybias.3.A(n)argumentpresent
3、saconsiderationforacceptingaclaim.4.Assumingthatsocietyingeneralsharestheviewsheldbyusandthepeopleweknowisthefalseconsensuseffect.Part31.“PresidentLincolnwasthefinestU.S.Presidentinhistory”isanobjectiveclaim.(F)2.Whetheranobjectiveclaimistrueorfalsedependsonwhetherpeoplethinkitistrue
4、orfalse.(F)3.Criticalthinkingshouldincludebiasesoremotions.(F)4.Experiencedphilosophersorotherspecialistsintheirfieldsrarelymakemistakesinreasoning.(F)Part41.Educatedguessesorrulesofthumbareoftencalledheuristics2.Emotion,greed,andbiasareallfactorsthatcanunderminecriticalthinking.1.Wh
5、ataretheultimateobjectivesofthinkingcritically?(Checkallthatapply.)(C,D)A.TomakevisedecisionsB.TocometocorrectconclusionsC.TomakehastygeneralizationD.Todevelopadversarythinking4.AllDobermansaredogs.Somedogsliketobark.ThereforesomeDobermansliketobark.Thetendencytoacceptthisargumentatf
6、irstglancemaybedueto.(D)A.self-servingbiasB.negativitybiasC.confirmationbiasD.beliefbias5.Thisbiasispresentwhenmostmembersofagroupthinktheyarebetteratsomethingthanmostothermembersofthegroup.(A)A.Better-than-averageillusionB.FundamentalattributionerrorC.BeliefbiasD.Bandwagoneffect6.Wh
7、atbiasisineffectwhenyouassumethatthecandidatewhosenameyouseethemostoftenisprobablythemostpopularcandidate?(B)A.ObediencetoauthorityB.AvailabilityheuristicC.MajorityrulesD.BandwagoneffectPart51.Anargumentconsistsof,atminimum,_____B______.A.aconclusionB.onepremiseandaconclusionC.twoorm
8、orepremisesa
