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1、644IEEETRANSACTIONSONINFORMATIONTHEORY,VOL.IT-22,NO.6,NOVEMBER1976NewDirectionsinCryptographyInvitedPaperWHITFIELDDIFFIEANDMARTINE.HELLMAN,MEMBER,IEEEAbstract-Twokindsofcontemporarydevelopmentsincryp-Thebestknowncryptographicproblemisthatofpri-tographyareexamined.Wideningapplicationsoftelepro
2、cessingvacy:preventingtheunauthorizedextractionofinforma-havegivenrisetoaneedfornewtypesofcryptographicsystems,tionfromcommunicationsoveraninsecurechannel.Inwhichminimizetheneedforsecurekeydistributionchannelsandordertousecryptographytoinsureprivacy,however,itissupplytheequivalentofawrittensi
3、gnature.Thispapersuggestswaystosolvethesecurrentlyopenproblems.Italsodiscusseshowcurrentlynecessaryforthecommunicatingpartiestosharethetheoriesofcommunicationandcomputationarebeginningtoakeywhichisknowntonooneelse.Thisisdonebysend-providethetoolstosolvecryptographicproblemsoflongstand-ingthek
4、eyinadvanceoversomesecurechannelsuchasing.privatecourierorregisteredmail.Aprivateconversationbetweentwopeoplewithnoprioracquaintance-isacom-monoccurrenceinbusiness,however,anditisunrealistictoexpectinitialbusinesscontactstobepostponedlongI.INTRODUCTIONenoughforkeystobetransmittedbysomephysica
5、lmeans.WESTANDTODAYonthebrinkofarevolutioninThecostanddelayimposedbythiskeydistributioncryptography.Thedevelopmentofcheapdigitalproblemisamajorbarriertothetransferofbusinesshardwarehasfreeditfromthedesignlimitationsofme-communicationstolargeteleprocessingnetworks.chanicalcomputingandbroughtth
6、ecostofhighgradeSectionIIIproposestwoapproachestotransmittingcryptographicdevicesdowntowheretheycanbeusedinkeyinginformationoverpublic(i.e.,insecure)channelssuchcommercialapplicationsasremotecashdispenserswithoutcompromisingthesecurityofthesystem.Inaandcomputerterminals.Inturn,suchapplication
7、screatepublickeycryptosystemencipheringanddecipheringareaneedfornewtypesofcryptographicsystemswhichgovernedbydistinctkeys,EandD,suchthatcomputingminimizethenecessityofsecurekeydistributionchannelsDfromEiscomputationallyinfeasible(e.g.,requiri
