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1、Chemistry140Fall2002Contents4-1ChemicalReactionsandChemicalEquations化學(xué)反應(yīng)和化學(xué)反應(yīng)方程式4-2ChemicalEquationsandStoichiometry（計(jì)量學(xué)）4-3ChemicalReactionsinSolution（溶液中的反應(yīng)）4-4DeterminingtheLimitingreagent（不足量反應(yīng)物）4-5OtherPracticalMattersinReactionStoichiometryChapter4:ChemicalReactio
2、ns（化學(xué)反應(yīng)）（反應(yīng)計(jì)量學(xué)中的其它實(shí)際問題）FocusonIndustrialChemistrySlide1of29Slide2of29化學(xué)化工劉巍化學(xué)化工劉巍4-1ChemicalReactionsandChemicalEquationsWritingChemicalEquations（化學(xué)方程式的書寫）化學(xué)反應(yīng)和化學(xué)反應(yīng)方程式Nitrogenmonoxide+oxygen→nitrogendioxideAsreactantsareconvertedtoproductsweobserve（當(dāng)反應(yīng)物轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯晌飼r會出現(xiàn)）Step1:
3、Writethereactionusingchemicalsymbols.–Colorchange顏色變化用化學(xué)符號表示化學(xué)反應(yīng)–Precipitateformation生成沉淀Step2:Balancethechemicalequation.配平反應(yīng)方程式–Gasevolution放出氣體–Heatabsorptionorevolution放熱或吸熱2NO+O12→2NO2Slide3of29Slide4of29化學(xué)化工劉巍化學(xué)化工劉巍1Chemistry140Fall2002BalancingEquationStrategy(配平
4、方程式要點(diǎn)）BalancingEquations?Balanceelementsthatoccurinonlyone?Neverintroduceextraneousatomstobalance.compoundoneachsidefirst.（不可加入額外的原子）（先配在方程式兩邊只出現(xiàn)在一個化合物中的元素）NO+O→NO+O22?Balancefreeelementslast.（最后配單質(zhì)）?Balanceunchangedpolyatomicsasgroups.（將不?Neverchangeaformulaforthepurpo
5、seofbalancing發(fā)生變化的原子團(tuán)作為整體處理）anequation.不可任意改變化學(xué)式?Fractionalcoefficientsareacceptableandcanbeclearedattheendbymultiplication.（分?jǐn)?shù)系數(shù)最后NO+O→NO23處理）Slide5of29Slide6of29化學(xué)化工劉巍化學(xué)化工劉巍4-2ChemicalEquationsandStoichiometryExample4-6化學(xué)方程式和化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)Analloyusedinaircraftstructuresconsist
6、sof93.7%Aland6.3%Cubymass.Thealloyhasadensityof2.85?Stoichiometryincludesallthequantitativeg/cm3.A0.691cm3pieceofthealloyreactswithanrelationshipsinvolving：excessofHCl(aq).IfweassumethatalltheAlbutnoneoftheCureactswithHCl(aq),whatisthemassofH2（計(jì)量學(xué)包括下列所有定量關(guān)系）：obtained?–a
7、tomicandformulamasses（原子量、分子量）–chemicalformulas.（化學(xué)式）?Moleratioisacentralconversionfactor.（摩爾比為關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)換因子）Slide7of29Slide8of29化學(xué)化工劉巍化學(xué)化工劉巍2Chemistry140Fall2002Example4-64-3ChemicalReactionsinSolution溶液中的化學(xué)反應(yīng)2Al+6HCl→2AlCl3+3H2Planthestrategy:?Closecontactbetweenatoms,ionsan
8、dcm3alloy→galloy→gAl→moleAl→molH2→gH2moleculesnecessaryforareactiontooccur.Weneed5conversionfactors!（發(fā)生反應(yīng)的原子、離
