資源描述：
《game theory》由會員上傳分享，免費在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容在教育資源-天天文庫。
1、WhatisGAMETHEORY?Gametheory?isthestudyofstrategic?decisionmaking.Specifically,itis"thestudyof?mathematicalmodels?ofconflictandcooperationbetweenintelligentrationaldecision-makers."[1]?Analternativetermsuggested"asamoredescriptivenameforthediscipline"is?in
2、teractive?decisiontheory.[2]?Thesubjectfirstaddressed?zero-sumgames,suchthatoneperson'sgainsexactlyequalnetlossesoftheotherparticipantorparticipants.Gametheoryismainlyusedineconomics,politicalscience,andpsychology,aswellaslogic,computerscience,andbiology.
3、Today,however,gametheoryappliestoawiderangeofbehavioralrelations,andhasdevelopedintoan?umbrellaterm?forthelogicalsideofdecisionscience,includingbothhumansandnon-humans?.Elements:?the?players?ofthegame,the?information?and?actions?availabletoeachplayerateac
4、hdecisionpoint,andthe?payoffs?foreachoutcome.Classification納什均衡(Nashequilibrium），In?gametheory,the?Nashequilibrium?isa?solutionconcept?ofa?non-cooperativegame?involvingtwoormoreplayers,inwhicheachplayerisassumedtoknowtheequilibriumstrategiesoftheotherplay
5、ers,andnoplayerhasanythingtogainbychangingonlytheirownstrategy.[1]?Ifeachplayerhaschosenastrategyandnoplayercanbenefitbychangingstrategieswhiletheotherplayerskeeptheirsunchanged,thenthecurrentsetofstrategychoicesandthecorrespondingpayoffsconstitutesaNashe
6、quilibrium.TherealityoftheNashequilibriumofagamecanbetestedusing?experimentaleconomics?method.Statedsimply,AmyandWillareinNashequilibriumifAmyismakingthebestdecisionshecan,takingintoaccountWill'sdecisionwhileWill'sdecisionremainsunchanged,andWillismakingt
7、hebestdecisionhecan,takingintoaccountAmy'sdecisionwhileAmy'sdecisionremainsunchanged.Likewise,agroupofplayersareinNashequilibriumifeachoneismakingthebestdecisionpossible,takingintoaccountthedecisionsoftheothersinthegameaslongtheotherparty'sdecisionremains
8、unchanged.納什均衡是一種策略組合，使得每個參與人的策略是對其他參與人策略的最優(yōu)反應(yīng)。假設(shè)有n個局中人參與博弈，如果某情況下無一參與者可以獨自行動而增加收益（即為了自身利益的最大化，沒有任何單獨的一方愿意改變其策略的[1]?），則此策略組合被稱為納什均衡。所有局中人策略構(gòu)成一個策略組合（StrategyProfile）。納什均衡，從實質(zhì)上說，是一種非合作博弈狀態(tài)。5納什均衡達成時，并不意味著博弈雙方都處于不動的狀態(tài)，在
