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1、AShortHistoryofPhilosophyROBERTC.SOLOMONKATHLEENM.HIGGINSNewYorkOxfordOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS19961OxfordNewYorkAthensAucklandBangkokCalcuttaCapeTownDaresSalaamDelhiFlorenceHongKongIstanbulKarachiKualaLumpurMadrasMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiParisSingaporeTaipeiTokyoTorontoandassociatedcom
2、paniesinBerlinIbadanCopyright?1996byRobertC.SolomonandKathleenM.HigginsPublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortrans
3、mitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataSolomon,RobertC.Ashorthistoryofphilosophy/RobertC.Solomon,KathleenM.Higgins.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalrefere
4、nces.ISBN0—19—508647—3(cloth).—ISBN0—19—510196—0(pbk.)1.Philosophy—History.I.Higgins,KathleenMarie.II.Title.B72.S661996109—dc2095—12578ExcerptsfromPlato?sRepublictranslatedbyE.MA.Grube,andfromPlato?sSymposiumtranslatedbyAlexanderNehemasandP.Woodruff,arereprintedwiththepermissionoftheHacket
5、tPublishingCompany,copyright?1974and1989respectively.357986422ForourfriendsandcolleaguesatTheUniversityofAuckland,ingratitudefortheirhospitality,camaraderie,andconversation3PrefaceTheconceptsthatlieattheheartofphilosophyantedatehistoricalrecordbythousandsofyears.Theconceptofimmortality,ino
6、neformoranother,probablyextendsbackatleasttotheNeanderthalssometensofthousandsofyearsago.Theyseemtohavedevelopedsomenotionofanafterlife,asisevidentintheirburialsitesandsymbolism.Inprehistory,magicalsodisplaysunmistakablephilosophicalunderpinnings:itappealstocausesunseenandnotyetunderstood.
7、AbstractionandidealizedformscanbetracedbacktotheCro-Magnon,wholivedmorethantenthousandyearsago.Theghastlypracticeofhumansacrifice,whichalreadyindicatessomecomplexsetofbeliefsabouttheworld,canbetracedbackatleastthisfar.Whendidpeoplefirstenvisiongodsandgoddesses
