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1、ADVANCESINHEATTRANSFER,VOLUME21AdvancesinCondensationHeatTransferICHIROTANASAWAInstituteofIndustrialScienceUnioersityofTokyoRoppongi,Minato-ku.Tokyo106,JapanI.IntroductoryRemarksCondensationisstilloneofthemostimportantheattransferprocessesinmanyenergycon
2、versionsystems,suchaselectricpowergenerationplants.Asiswellknown,theindustrialrevolutionintheeighteenthcenturyowedmuchtoimprovementsofsteamenginesbyJamesWattandotherengineers;thegreatestachievementthatJamesWattperformedwasthathegreatlyim-provedtheefficie
3、ncyofthesteamcondenser,whichwasadirect-contacttype.Althoughthesurfacecondenser,forwhichJamesWatthadtakenapatentin1769[l],wasnotinpracticaluseduringWatt’slifetime,becauseofimmaturemanufacturingtechnology,ithassubsequentlyplayedamostsignificantroleasaheat-
4、removingdeviceinpowergeneration,refrigeration,orairconditioningsystems.Thetheoryofheattransferbycondensationappearedmuchlaterthanthedevelopmentofcondensers.Nusselt’spioneeringpaper[2]onfilmcon-densationofsteamwaspublishedin1916,acenturyandahalfafterWatt’
5、swork.AstudyondropwisecondensationbySchmidtetal.[3]wasreportedin1930.Likemostoftheresearchinheattransfer,theoriesfollowedindustrialdevelopments.However,thesituationseemstobechanging.Althoughsteamandothervaporsofpuresubstanceshavebeenemployedasworkingflui
6、dsoftheenergyconversioncycles,useofmulticomponentmediaisdeveloping,especiallyinhigh-performanceheatpumpsystems.Becausecondensationofmulticompo-nentvaporsismuchmorecomplexinnature,fundamentalstudiesareindispensablebeforedesigninganindustrialsystem,bothfro
7、mthermodynam-icalandfromheattransferpointsofview.Cooperationbetweenfundamentalresearchanddesignengineeringbecomesmoreimportant.55Copyright01991byAcademicPress,Inc.Allrightsorreproductioninanylornreserved.56ICHIROTANASAWAInthisreviewanattempthasbeenmadeto
8、putmoreemphasisontheareasofcondensationheattransferthathavemadeprogressinthepast15years.Someofthefundamentalsofcondensation,suchasnucleationandgrowthofaliquiddropletinbulkorsurfacecondensation,areomitted.Basicmecha-nismsof
