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1、MicheleCiniTopicsandMethodsinCondensedMatterTheoryMicheleCiniTopicsandMethodsinCondensedMatterTheoryFromBasicQuantumMechanicstotheFrontiersofResearchWith73Figuresand4Tables123Prof.MicheleCiniUniversityofRomeDepartmentofPhysicsViadellaRicercaScienti?ca00133Rom
2、eItalye-mail:cini@roma2.infn.itLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007925062ISBN-13978-3-540-70726-4SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkThisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,speci?callytherightsoftranslation,re
3、printing,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broad-casting,reproductiononmicro?lmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.DuplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermi
4、ssionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMediaspringer.com?Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2007Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,et
5、c.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspeci?cstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Typesetting:DigitaldatasuppliedbyAuthorProduction:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&V?cklerGbR,LeipzigCoverD
6、esign:eStudioCalamarS.L.,F.Steinen-Broo,Girona,SpainSPIN1136731457/3180/YL543210Printedonacid-freepaperTomywifeAnnaandtomysonMassimoPrefaceQuodsuperest,vacuasaurisanimumquesagacemsemotumacurisadhibeveramadrationem,nemeadonatibistudiodisposta?deli,intellectapr
7、iusquamsint,contemptarelinquas.TitusLucretiusCarus,DeRerumNaturaLiberPrimusThisbookisstructuredasacourseforstudentswithagoodknowledgeofba-sicQuantumMechanicswhowanttospecializeinCondensedMatterTheory.Indeedittakesthereadertoadvancedlevelsinseveraltopics,butth
8、ereisanobvioustrick:noteachercanhopetocoverallthismaterialinonesemesterwithoutfacingaseriousandrightfulstudentrevolt.Iamo?eringalternativeadvancedtopicsthatIhavebeendevelopingindi?erentye
