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1、REVIEWSOFMODERNPHYSICS,VOLUME82,OCTOBER–DECEMBER2010Colloquium:TopologicalinsulatorsM.Z.Hasan*JosephHenryLaboratories,DepartmentofPhysics,PrincetonUniversity,Princeton,NewJersey08544,USA?C.L.KaneDepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,Pennsylv
2、ania19104,USAPublished8November2010Topologicalinsulatorsareelectronicmaterialsthathaveabulkbandgaplikeanordinaryinsulatorbuthaveprotectedconductingstatesontheiredgeorsurface.Thesestatesarepossibleduetothecombinationofspin-orbitinteractionsandtime-reversalsymmetry.Thetwo-
3、dimensional2DtopologicalinsulatorisaquantumspinHallinsulator,whichisaclosecousinoftheintegerquantumHallstate.Athree-dimensional3Dtopologicalinsulatorsupportsnovelspin-polarized2DDiracfermionsonitssurface.InthisColloquiumthetheoreticalfoundationfortopologicalinsulatorsa
4、ndsuperconductorsisreviewedandrecentexperimentsaredescribedinwhichthesignaturesoftopologicalinsulatorshavebeenobserved.TransportexperimentsonHgTe/CdTequantumwellsaredescribedthatdemonstratetheexistenceoftheedgestatespredictedforthequantumspinHallinsulator.ExperimentsonBi1?
5、xSbx,Bi2Se3,Bi2Te3,andSb2Te3arethendiscussedthatestablishthesematerialsas3Dtopologicalinsulatorsanddirectlyprobethetopologyoftheirsurfacestates.Exoticstatesaredescribedthatcanoccuratthesurfaceofa3Dtopologicalinsulatorduetoaninducedenergygap.Amagneticgapleadstoanovelquantum
6、Hallstatethatgivesrisetoatopologicalmagnetoelectriceffect.AsuperconductingenergygapleadstoastatethatsupportsMajoranafermionsandmayprovideanewvenueforrealizingproposalsfortopologicalquantumcomputation.Prospectsforobservingtheseexoticstatesarealsodiscussed,aswellasotherpoten
7、tialdeviceapplicationsoftopologicalinsulators.DOI:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.3045PACSnumbers:73.20.r,73.43.f,85.75.d,74.90.nCONTENTSV.ExoticBrokenSymmetrySurfacePhases3061A.QuantumHalleffectandtopologicalmagnetoelectriceffect3061I.Introduction30451.SurfacequantumHalleffec
8、t3061II.TopologicalBandTheory30462.TopologicalmagnetoelectriceffectandA.Theinsulatingstat
