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1、The25lhanniversaryofthepublicationofHowardGardner^FramesofMind:TheTheoryofMultipleIntelligencesCopyright2008HowardGardner.AllrightsReserved.In1983,psychologistHowardGardnerpublishedFramesofMind,thebookinwhichheintroducedhis'theoryofmultipleintelligences^(MItheory).Gardnerwr
2、otethisbookasapsychologistandthoughtthathewasaddressingprincipallyhiscolleaguesinpsychology.Hedevotedlittleofthebooktoeducationalimplicationsandneverexpectedthathisideaswouldbepickedupbyeducators,firstintheUnitedStatesandthen,eventually,inmanycountriesacrosstheglobe.Duringt
3、hisyear,whenGardnerturns65,hewillbemakinganumberofpresentationsinwhichhereflectsonthecourseofhisthinkingovertheyears,aswellashisspeculationsaboutthefuturecourseofworkinthistradition.WhilemanyindividualsbelievethatGardnersetouttodislodgeIQandstandardintelligencetheory,infact
4、hedidnothavethistargetinmindwhenhebegantheresearchthatledtothetheory.Indeed,asonewhohaddonewellonstandardizedtestsandhadbeentrainedinthePiagetiantradition,hehaddevotedlittlethoughtorstudytotheoriesofintelligencealtogether?Rather,itwashisempiricalworkwithnormalandgiftedchild
5、ren,ontheonehand,andwithbrain-damagedpatientsontheother,thatconvincedhimthatthestandardviewofa'single,unitary,undecomposableintelligence7couldnotbecorrect.TheworkofsynthesizingthatledtoMItheoryconsistedofsurveyingawholesetofliteratureanddisciplinesthatmightyieldamorecompreh
6、ensiveandmoreveridicalnotionofhumanintellect.ThemostimportantstepstakenbyGardnerinvolvedarrivingataworkingdefinitionof"anintelligence'anddevisingasetofcriteriaofwhatcountsasanintelligence.Ashedescribesit,anintelligenceisabiologicalandpsychologicalpotentialtosolveproblemsand
7、/orcreateproductsthatarevaluedinoneormoreculturalcontexts.Armedwiththisdefinitionandthesecriteria,Gardneridentifiedsevenrelativelyautonomouscapacitiesthathenamedthemultipleintelligences:linguistic,logical-mathematical,musical,spatial,bodily-kinesthetic,interpersonal,andintr
8、apersonal?Inmorerecentwritings,Gardneraddedaneighth(naturalist)intelligenceandcont
