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1、Buildingenergy-efficiencystandardsinalifecycleprimaryenergyperspectiveAmbroseDodooa,*,LeifGustavssona,b,RogerSathreAbstract：Inthisstudyweanalyzethelifecycleprimaryenergyuseofawood-frameapartmentbuildingdesignedtomeetthecurrentSwedishbuildingcode,theSwedishbuil
2、dingcodeof1994orthepassivehousestandard,andheatedwithdistrictheatorelectricresistanceheating.Theanalysisincludestheprimaryenergyuseduringtheproduction,operationandend-of-lifephases.Wefindthatanelectricheatedbuildingbuilttothecurrentbuildingcodehasgreaterlifecy
3、cleprimaryenergyuserelativetoadistrictheatedbuilding,althoughthestandardforelectricheatingismorestringen匸Also,theprimaryenergyuseforanelectricheatedbuildingconstructedtomeetthepassivehousestandardissubstantiallyhigherthanforadistrictheatedbuildingbuilttotheSwe
4、dishbuildingcodeof1994.Theprimaryenergyformaterialproductionconstitutes5%oftheprimaryenergyforproductionandspaceheatingandventilationofanelectricheatedbuildingbuilttomeetthe1994code.Theshareofproductionenergyincreasesastheenergy-efficiencystandardofthebuilding
5、improvesandwhenefficientenergysupplyisused,andreaches30%foradistrictheatedpassivehouse.ThisstudyshowsthesignificanceofalifecycleprimaryenergyperspectiveandthechoiceofheatingsysteminreducingenergyuseinthebuiltenvironmentKeywords:BuildingcodePassivehouseLifecycl
6、eprimaryenergyElectricheatingDistrictheating1.IntroductionBuildingsaccountfor30-40%ofthetotalprimaryenergyuseglobally[1],andthebuildingsectorofferslargepotentialtoreduceprimaryenergyuseandCO2emissionbye.g.reducedheatingdemands,increasedefficiencyinenergysupply
7、chainsandgreateruseofrenewableresourcesformaterialsandfuels.Severalstrategiescanbeusedtorealizethispotential,includingenergyefficiencyrequirementsinbuildingstandards,forexamplerequirementsthatspecifyminimumenergyefficiencyforbuildings.Improvedbuildingenergyeff
8、iciencyisapriorityissueintheEuropeanUnion(EU),wherethebuildingsectoraccountsforthelargestshareofthetotalprimaryenergyuse[2].TheEUEnergyPerformanceofBuildingDirective(EPBD)requiresM
