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1、Chapter1Introduction1Introduction–Gene(基因)History1865Mendel:Thebasicunitofinheritanceisagene.Mendel’sworkwasforgottenuntil1900s.1944ThegenewasknowntobemadeofDNA(DeoxyribonucleicAcid).1953JamesWatsonandFrancisCrick:DoublehelicalstructureofDNA.(雙股螺旋)2Introduction–Ge
2、neHistory(Cont.)1990TheHumanGenomeProject(人類基因體計(jì)畫(huà))started.1995Thefirstfree-livingorganismtobesequenced:haemophilusinfluenzae(流行性感冒嗜血桿菌)1998CELERAjoinedthegeneresearch.2000ThehumanDNAsequencedraftwascompleted(publishedin2001).3Bioinformatics-國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)計(jì)畫(huà)2000年國(guó)科會(huì)「生物資訊」跨領(lǐng)域
3、研究2001年國(guó)科會(huì)國(guó)家型研究計(jì)畫(huà)基因體醫(yī)學(xué)國(guó)家型計(jì)畫(huà)2001年國(guó)科會(huì)跨領(lǐng)域?qū)ｎ}研究工程處：資訊科技生物處：生物資訊4動(dòng)物細(xì)胞(細(xì)胞核、細(xì)胞質(zhì)、細(xì)胞膜)DNA位於細(xì)胞核內(nèi)之「核仁」5DNADoubleHelix(雙股螺旋）6DNADoubleHelix(雙股螺旋）7DNA中核甘酸間之鍵結(jié)8核甘酸核甘酸(Nucleotide)為核酸分子構(gòu)成單元核甘酸包含：五碳糖(去氧核糖,deoxyribose)磷酸基(phosphategroup)含氮鹼基之一(A、G、C、T、U)胞嘧啶(C)9DNA四種含氮鹼基10DNADoubleHe
4、lix(雙股螺旋）11DNASequence12DNAandRNANucleotide(核甘酸)：腺嘌呤(adenine,A)鳥(niǎo)糞嘌呤(guanine,G)胞嘧啶(cytosine,C)胸腺嘧啶(thymine,T)尿嘧啶(uracil,U)DNA(deoxyribonucleicacid,去氧核糖核酸){A,G,C,T}(basepair:G?C,A=T)RNA(ribonucleicacid,核糖核酸){A,G,C,U}(basepair:G?C,A=U,G?U)13DNALengthThetotallengthoft
5、hehumanDNAisabout3?109(30億)basepairs.1%~1.5%ofDNAsequenceisuseful.#ofhumangenes:30,000~40,000ConclusionfromthehumangenomeprojectExpected#is100,000originally.14DNASequencing(定序)GivenDNAsequence:TGCACTTGACGCATGCTCutthesequenceafterrandomA:ATGCTlength=5ACGCATGCTlengt
6、h=9AACGCATGCTlength=10ACTTGAACGCATGCTlength=1515DNASequencing電泳法(eletrophoresis)16DNASequencing17AminoAcids(胺基酸)胺基酸：蛋白質(zhì)的基本單位，共20種18GeneralStructureofanAminoAcid3groups:AminoGroup(胺基)CarboxylGroup(羧基)RGroup(R基團(tuán))19AminoAcids(胺基酸)分子20AminoAcids(胺基酸)分子21Protein(蛋白質(zhì))分子
7、22AminoAcidsandRNA每三個(gè)核甘酸(codon，基因密碼)對(duì)應(yīng)至一種胺基酸。SecondPositionofCodonUCAGFirstPositionUUUUPhe[F]UUCPhe[F]UUALeu[L]UUGLeu[L]UCUSer[S]UCCSer[S]UCASer[S]UCGSer[S]UAUTyr[Y]UACTyr[Y]UAATer[end]UAGTer[end]UGUCys[C]UGCCys[C]UGATer[end]UGGTrp[W]UCAGThirdPositionCCUULeu[L]CUC
8、Leu[L]CUALeu[L]CUGLeu[L]CCUPro[P]CCCPro[P]CCAPro[P]CCGPro[P]CAUHis[H]CACHis[H]CAAGln[Q]CAGGln[Q]CGUArg[R]CGCArg[R]CGAArg[R]CGGArg[R]UCAGAAUUIle[I]AUCIle
