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1、2016年12月，第22卷，第4期，741-752頁高校地質(zhì)學(xué)報(bào)Dec2016，Vol.22，No.4，pp.741-752GeologicalJournalofChinaUniversitiesDOI:10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2015259中國“采水型”地裂縫特征和成因分析11*22王藝偉，葉淑君，于軍，龔緒龍1.南京大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院水科學(xué)系，南京210023；2.國土資源部地裂縫地質(zhì)災(zāi)害重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，江蘇省地質(zhì)調(diào)查研究院，南京210000摘要：過量開采地下水誘發(fā)的地裂縫（“采水型”地裂縫）災(zāi)害對社會造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p失，受到
2、人們普遍關(guān)注。近幾十年來，國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對其成因機(jī)制進(jìn)行了大量研究，取得了豐碩成果。本文系統(tǒng)分析了前人的研究成果，歸納出“采水型”地裂縫的差異沉降成因、拉張性水平應(yīng)變成因和四種成因模式；然后針對中國三個(gè)典型的“采水型”地裂縫發(fā)育區(qū)，即汾渭盆地、華北平原、蘇錫常地區(qū)，闡述了各地地裂縫分布、發(fā)育特征和成因機(jī)理，并選擇典型地段地裂縫進(jìn)行成因分析，認(rèn)為汾渭盆地和華北平原地區(qū)部分地裂縫屬于“先期斷層模式”，而蘇錫常地區(qū)地裂縫總體屬于“基巖起伏模式”，并闡述了該模式下導(dǎo)致地裂縫發(fā)育的差異性變形、水平應(yīng)變作用機(jī)理。關(guān)鍵詞：地裂縫；地下水開采；成因機(jī)制；汾渭盆地；華北平
3、原；蘇錫常中圖分類號：P641文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼：A文章編號：1006-7493（2016）04-0741-12FeaturesandMechanismsofEarthFissuresInducedGroundwaterWithdrawalinChina11*22WANGYiwei，YEShujun，YUJun，GONGXulong1.DepartmentofHydrosciences,SchoolofEarthScienceandEngineering,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing210023，Chian;2.KeyLaborator
4、yofEarthFissureGeologicalGazardofLandandResources,instituteofgeologicalsurveyinJiangsu,Nanjing210000，ChinaAbstract:ExcessiveexploitationofgroundwaterinChinahasinducedseriousearthfissurehazards,whichcancausesignificantdamageandheavyeconomiclosses,andhasreceivedsignificantattenti
5、on.Inrecentdecades,mechanismsofearthfissuresinducedbygroundwaterwithdrawalhavebeenstudiedbyresearchersworldwideandmanyremarkableachievementshavebeenaccomplished.Theresultsofpreviousstudieswereanalyzedinthisarticlefirstlyandthenthemechanismsofearthfissureinducedbyexcessiveexploi
6、tationofgroundwaterweresummarizedandcategorizedasdifferentialsubsidence,horizontaltensilestrain,andFourEarthFissureFormationConceptualModels.Thenthedistributionofearthfissures,developmentfeaturesandmechanismsofearthfissuresinthreeregions(i.e.,theFenweiBasin,NorthChinaPlainandSu
7、-Xi-ChanginChina)wheretypical“groundwater-withdraw-induced”fissuresdeveloped,wereelaborated,andatypicalearthfissurewaschosentoanalyzeitscause.ResultsindicatethatearthfissuresintheFenweiBasinandNorthChinaPlainweremainlycausedbypre-existingfaultsandexcessivelygroundwaterexploitat
8、ion,whilethefissuresintheSu-Xi-Changregionweregenerall
