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1、[名詞解釋]Chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease:慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)，是一種具有氣流受限特征的可以預(yù)防和治療的疾病，氣流受限不完全可逆、進(jìn)行性發(fā)展，與肺部對香煙煙霧等有害氣體或有害顆粒的異常炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)。COPD主要累及肺臟，但也可引起全身(或稱肺外)的不良反應(yīng)。ChronicObstructivePulmonaryDisease(COPD)isapreventableandtreatablediseasewithsomesignificantextrapulmo
2、naryeffectsthatmaycontributetotheseverityinindividualpatients.Itspulmonarycomponentischaracterizedbyairflowlimitationthatisnotfullyreversible.Theairflowlimitationisusuallyprogressiveandassociatedwithanabnormalinflammatoryresponseofthelungtonoxiousparticle
3、sorgases.Horner綜合征:肺尖部肺癌又稱肺上鉤瘤(Pancoast瘤)，易壓迫頸部交感神經(jīng)，引起病側(cè)眼瞼下垂、瞳孔縮小、眼球內(nèi)陷，同側(cè)額部和胸壁少汗或無汗。Horner’ssyndrome:Horner’ssyndromeiscausedbysuperiorsulcustumorsthatinvadetheinferiorcervicalganglion,symptomsincludeenophthalmos(sinkingoftheeyeballintoitscavity),ptosis(d
4、roopyuppereyelid),miosis(abnormalcontractionofthepupil),anhidrosis(absenceoffacialsweat).RespiratoryfailureRespiratoryfailureisafailureoftheprocessofdeliveringO2tothetissuesand/orremovingCO2fromthetissues.Thediagnosiscanbeconfirmedbyarterialbloodgasanalys
5、is.WhenthelevelofO2partialpressure(PaO2)islessthan60mmHg,withoutPCO2reduction,itiscalledrespiratoryfailuretypeI.WhenthelevelofCO2partialpressure(PaCO2)ismorethan50mmHg,itiscalledrespiratoryfailuretypeII.Sleepapneahypopneasyndrome:Sleepapneahypopneasyndrom
6、eisdefinedasrepeatedepisodesofcessationofairflowwithsleepbeinggreaterthan30timespernight,ordefinedwithApnea-HypopneaIndex(AHI)beinggreaterthan5hepatopulmonarysyndrome:hepatopulmonarysyndromeisasyndromeofshortnessofbreathandhypoxemiacausedbyvasodilationint
7、helungsofpatientswithadvancedliverdisease.Themechanismisunknownbutisthoughttobeduetoincreasedhepaticproductionordecreasedhepaticclearanceofvasodilators,possiblyinvolvingnitricoxide.Thevasculardilatationscauseoverperfusionrelativetoventilation,leadingtoven
8、tilation-perfusionmismatchandhypoxemia.Apnea-HypopneaIndex:Hypopneainadultsaredefinedasa50%reductioninairflowformorethan10s,followedbya4%desaturation,and/orarousal.TheApnea-HypopneaIndex(AHI)isexpressedasthenumberof
