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1、Chapter4ModernTradeTheoriesEconomiesofScaleTheLinderTheory(TheoryofDemandPreferenceSimilarity)Intra-IndustryTradeTheoryofTechnologicalGapTheProductLife-CycleTheoryNationalCompetitiveAdvantage:Porter’sDiamond4.1EconomiesofScaleEconomiesofscalereferstothecostadvantagestha
2、tabusinessobtainsduetoexpansion.Economiesofscaleunderlieanation’scomparativeadvantagebecausetheinternationaltradepermitsthefirmtotakeadvantageoflongerproductionruns,whichleadtoincreasingefficiencyoffactorinputs.古典和新古典的國(guó)貿(mào)理論都假定產(chǎn)品的規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變，在以初級(jí)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)為主的時(shí)代，這個(gè)假定基本接近現(xiàn)實(shí)。但在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中許多產(chǎn)
3、品具有規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增的特點(diǎn)。規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)（規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增）：隨著規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大，產(chǎn)量的增加，每單位投入的產(chǎn)出會(huì)增加，產(chǎn)品的平均成本會(huì)下降。----內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)源于企業(yè)通過自身生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大。----外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)源于行業(yè)內(nèi)企業(yè)數(shù)量的增加所引起的產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大。EconomiesofScaleasaBasisforTrade10,0008,0007,5000100200275ABCAutos(thousands)Price(dollars)ACMexico,U.S.LargermarketMoreoutputLowerunitcost規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)下的條件
4、下的LAC4.2TheLinderTheory (TheoryofDemandPreferenceSimilarity)ThistheorywasproposedbytheSwedisheconomistStaffanLinderin1961.AccordingtoLinder,thefactor-endowmenttheoryhasconsiderableexplanatorypowerfortradebetweenprimaryproductsandmanufacturedgoods,notfortradeinmanufactur
5、edgoods.TheLindertheoryisdramaticallydifferentfromH-Omodelbecauseitisalmostexclusivelydemand-oriented.AccordingtoLinder,themainforceinfluencingmanufactured-goodtradeisdomesticdemandconditions.Nationswithsimilarpercapitaincomeswillhaveoverlappingdemandstructuresandwillli
6、kelytoconsumesimilartypesofmanufacturedgoods.4.3Intra-IndustryTrade1.Definition:Intra-industrytrade(two-waytrade)referstotheexchangeofproductsbelongingtothesameindustry.Inter-industrytrade(one-waytrade):theexchangebetweennationsofproductsofdifferentindustries.國(guó)際上行業(yè)分類是按照
7、SITC（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易商品）分類方法。2.ReasonsforIntra-industryTradeIntra-industrytradeincludestradeinhomogeneousgoodsaswellasindifferentiatedproducts.ForHomogenousgoods:---Transportationcosts---SeasonaldifferenceFordifferentiatedproducts:---Economiesofscale---Overlappingdemand3.Indexofi
8、ntra-industrytrade1989年美國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易指數(shù)發(fā)電設(shè)備0.99辦公設(shè)備0.98電器設(shè)備0.89無機(jī)化學(xué)0.88有機(jī)化學(xué)0.81醫(yī)療和醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)品0.73電子通訊設(shè)備0.53道路機(jī)械0.53鋼鐵0.48服裝0
