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1、11C H A P T E RLeadership:AnOverviewDEFINEthetermleadership.DISCUSSthetraitapproachtoleadership.DESCRIBEtwomajorbehavioralapproachestoleadership.EXPLAINwhatsituationalapproachesareanddescribeseveralsignificantones.IDENTIFYanumberofsubstitutesforleadership.ThreeImportantVariablesPe
2、opleWhoarebeingleadTaskWhatpeopleareperformingEnvironmentWhichthepeopleandtaskexistLeadershipDefinedTheprocessofinfluencingothertofacilitatetheattainmentoforganizationallyrelevantgoals.3Leadership’sImportanceEmpiricalevidenceofthemagnitudeoftheeffectsonperformanceismodest.Why?Simi
3、larityacrossselectedindividualsSimilarbackground,experience,qualificationsNounilateralcontroloverresourcesMajordecisionsrequireapproval,review,andmodificationbyothersManyuncontrollablefactorsExternalfactorsmaybeoverwhelminganduncontrollable4TraitApproachIdentifyingintellectual,emo
4、tional,physical,andotherpersonaltraitsofeffectiveleaders.IntelligencePersonalitySupervisoryAbilityPhysicalCharacteristicsEffectiveLeaders5BehavioralApproach:UMStudiesJob-CenteredFocusesoncompletingthetaskUsesclosesupervisionReliesonreward,legitimate,andcoercivepowerConcernforpeopl
5、enotapriorityEmployee-CenteredFocusesonthepeopledoingtheworkUsesdelegationCreatesasupportiveworkenvironmenttosatisfyneedsEmphasizesindividualandgroupdevelopmentLeadershipStyles6BehavioralApproach:OSUStudiesInitiatingStructureLeaderorganizesanddefinesrelationshipsEstablisheswell-de
6、finedpatternsandchannelsofcommunicationSpellsoutwaysofgettingthejobdoneFocusesongoalsandresultsConsiderationLeaderemphasizesFriendshipMutualtrustRespectRapportSupportsopencommunicationandparticipationLeadershipFactors7ShortcomingsoftheTraitandBehavioralApproachesTraitandBehavioral
7、ApproachesLackapplicabilityacrosssituationsFailtoconsidertheinteractionamong:PeopleTasksEnvironmentRefinementsSituationalTheoriesofLeadership8TheContingencyLeadershipModelTheperformanceofgroupsisdependentontheinteractionbetweenleadershipstyleandsituationalfavorableness.LEADERSHIPS
8、TYLELeast-PreferredCoworkerScale(
