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1、淮安市農(nóng)田肥料投入和養(yǎng)分平衡研究 摘要通過近20年對(duì)淮安市農(nóng)田主要作物肥料投入與產(chǎn)出的養(yǎng)分平衡定點(diǎn)監(jiān)測(cè),結(jié)果表明:氮素投入盈余過剩,磷素仍有盈余,鉀素虧缺數(shù)量較大,耕層土壤種植小麥、水稻以及經(jīng)濟(jì)作物對(duì)化學(xué)肥料的依賴性越來越高,地力貢獻(xiàn)率逐年下降。2008—2012年氮素投入平均盈余259.05kg/hm2,磷素平均盈余76.05kg/hm2,鉀素平均虧缺211.35kg/hm2;2007—2012年地力貢獻(xiàn)率平均年遞減3.6個(gè)百分點(diǎn),小麥對(duì)肥料的依賴性高于水稻,平均高出6.5個(gè)百分點(diǎn),經(jīng)濟(jì)作物對(duì)化學(xué)肥料的依賴性更高,平均分別高出小麥、水稻12.1、18.6個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵
2、詞農(nóng)田;肥料投入;產(chǎn)出;養(yǎng)分平衡;江蘇淮安中圖分類號(hào)S158.2文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)1007-5739(2014)01-0229-03AnalysisonFertilizerInputandNutrientBalanceofFarmlandinHuai′anCityMAYu-jun1NIYan-cheng2YANGYong-zhao2CHENLing-li2TANGSong-tao1SONGWen-ping3WANGJin3(1Huai′anSoilandFertilizerTechnologyGuidanceStationinJiangsuProvince,Huai′a
3、nJiangsu9223001;2Huai′anAgriculturalProductQualityInspectionandTestingCenter;3Huai′anSoilandFertilizerTechnicalServiceDepartment)AbstractThefixed-pointmonitoringofthenutrientbalanceofmaincropfertilizerinputandoutputinHuai′anCitywascarriedoutduringnearlylast20years.Theresultsshowedthatnitr
4、ogeninputsurpluses,phosphoruswasinsurplus,deficiencyofpotassiuminlargerquantities,soil,riceandwheatcropsrelianceonchemicalfertilizerswasmoreandmorehigh,fertilityratedeclinedyearbyyear.During2008to2012,averagenitrogeninputwas259.05kg/hm2insurplus,averagephosphoruswas76.05kg/hm2insurplus,av
5、eragepotassiumdeficitedfor211.35kg/hm2.During2007to2012,averageannualfertilityratedecreasedby3.6percentagepoints,anddependencerateonfertilizerwheatwashigherthanthatonrice,amountingto6.5percentagepoints.Thedependencerateseconomiccropsonchemicalfertilizerswerehigher,andtheaveragedependenceh
6、igherthanwheatandriceby12.1and18.6percentagepoints9respectively.Keywordsfarmland;fertilizationinput;yield;nutrientbalance;Huai′anJiangsu本研究旨在對(duì)農(nóng)田的實(shí)際施肥量和產(chǎn)出量進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè),掌握作物的施肥動(dòng)態(tài)變化、農(nóng)田養(yǎng)分平衡狀況,及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)際施肥中存在的問題,為農(nóng)作物科學(xué)施肥提供依據(jù),進(jìn)而提高肥料產(chǎn)出率和利用率,改善農(nóng)田養(yǎng)分平衡狀況。1材料與方法1.1調(diào)查地概況監(jiān)測(cè)地點(diǎn)為江蘇省淮安市,屬黃淮平原和江淮平原,糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)之一,國(guó)家商品糧生產(chǎn)基地,是
7、傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)大市,主要耕作制度為稻—麥輪作。耕地土壤主要為水稻土類、潮土類、砂礓黑土類、黃棕壤土類、基性巖土類、石灰?guī)r土等6個(gè)土類[1]。2012年末全市土地總面積10072km2,年末耕地總資源39.2812萬hm2。農(nóng)作物總播種面積79.31萬hm2。1.2樣品采集方法對(duì)全市27個(gè)省級(jí)土壤肥力監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)周圍定點(diǎn)567個(gè)農(nóng)戶就農(nóng)田肥料投入與產(chǎn)出進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè),主要作物為小麥、水稻,按作物記載種植面積、基追肥肥料品種數(shù)量、作物產(chǎn)量。按統(tǒng)一格式填報(bào),于每年97月、12月進(jìn)行匯總分析,分別計(jì)算出有機(jī)肥、化肥氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分量、作物吸收氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分量、投