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1、HumananatomyTheLocomotorSystem運(yùn)動系統(tǒng)運(yùn)動系統(tǒng)由bone骨、joints關(guān)節(jié)和muscles骨骼肌組成，占成人體重60%骨起杠桿作用關(guān)節(jié)是運(yùn)動的樞紐骨骼肌是動力器官功能:support支持Protection保護(hù)Locomotion運(yùn)動Introductionoftheosteology骨學(xué)總論正常成人骨的數(shù)目是206塊。Bonesinadultare206innumber.骨的分類按部位分類：skull顱骨bonesoftrunk軀干骨appendicularskeleton四肢骨按形態(tài)分類:longbone長骨shortbone短骨flatbon
2、e扁骨irregularbone不規(guī)則骨Longbones長骨(多分布于四肢):Diaphysisorshaft骨干,whichishollow(calledmedullarycavity骨髓腔),filledwithbonemarrowTwoends－epiphysis骺articularsurface關(guān)節(jié)面,metaphysis干骺端,epiphysialcartilage骺軟骨,andepiphysialline骺線Shortbones短骨:立方形,例如腕骨Flatbones扁骨:thin,Irregularbones不規(guī)則骨:haveanyirregularormixed
3、shape,e.g.vertebrae,pneumaticbones含氣骨*Sesamoidbones籽骨:developwithintendonBoneMarking骨性標(biāo)志形態(tài)-突起（棘、結(jié)節(jié)、粗隆、嵴、髁等）,凹陷（窩、壓跡、切跡等），空腔（管、竇、孔、裂孔、小房等。功能血管神經(jīng)通過的部位組成關(guān)節(jié)肌的附著部位BoneMarkings骨性標(biāo)志Foramen孔=opening,shortperforationCanal管道=alongerpassageFossa窩=shallowdepressionSulcus溝=grooveMeatus道=tubelikepassageway
4、orcanalCondyle髁=large,roundprotuberanceFacet面=smoothflatarticularsurfaceTrochanter轉(zhuǎn)子=verylargeprojectionTuberosity粗隆=large,rounded,roughenedprojectionTubercle結(jié)節(jié)=small,roughprominenceSpine棘=sharp,slenderpointedeminenceRidge脊,crest脊,orline線=anarrow,roughelevation,runningsomewayalongthesurfaceLe
5、arningthetermsfoundinthisTablewillsimplifyyourstudyoftheskeleton.Generalstructuresofbone骨的結(jié)構(gòu)Bonesubstance骨質(zhì)compactbone骨密質(zhì)spongybone骨松質(zhì)呈海綿狀，由trabeculae骨小梁構(gòu)成※Intheflatbonesoftheskull,thelayersofcompactbonearecalledtheouterplateandinnerplate外板和內(nèi)板,whilethelayerofspongyboneiscalledthediplo?板障Perio
6、steum骨膜:OuterorfibrouslayerInnerlayerisvascularandprovidestheunderlyingbonewithnutrition.Italsocontainsosteoblasts(成骨細(xì)胞)Endosteum骨內(nèi)膜isasingle-cellularosteogeniclayerliningtheinnersurfaceofbone.Bonemarrow骨髓Redmarrow紅骨髓:haematopoietic造血Yellowmarrow黃骨髓:fattyChemicalcompositionandphysicalproperti
7、es化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)Organicmaterial有機(jī)質(zhì)：主要是骨膠原纖維束和粘多糖蛋白。構(gòu)成支架，賦予骨的彈性和韌性。Inorganicsalts無機(jī)質(zhì)：主要是堿性磷酸鈣。賦予骨硬度和脆性O(shè)rganicmaterialInorganicsaltsChildren11Adult37Old14Bonesoftrunk軀干骨Composition:vertebrae,sacrum,coccyx,sternumandribsVertebrae椎骨Thereare33vertebrae
