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1、功能材料論文形狀記憶合金摘要:形狀記憶合金(ShapeMemoryAlloy,SMA)是指具有一定初始形狀的合金在低溫下經(jīng)塑性形變并固定成另一種形狀后,通過加熱到某一臨界溫度以上又可恢復(fù)成初始形狀的一類合金。形狀記憶合金作為一種特殊的新型功能材料,是集感知與驅(qū)動(dòng)于一體的智能材料,因其功能獨(dú)特,可以制作小巧玲瓏、高度自動(dòng)化、性能可靠的元器件而備受矚目,并獲得了廣泛應(yīng)用。本文分別對(duì)Ti-Ni系形狀記憶合金、Cu系形狀記憶合金、Fe系形狀記憶合金的原理、功能、發(fā)展趨勢(shì)及最新進(jìn)展等內(nèi)容作了詳細(xì)分析。關(guān)鍵詞:形狀記憶合金功能材料變形恢復(fù)目錄1引言················
2、··································12認(rèn)識(shí)形狀記憶合金······································12.1形狀記憶合金基本概念······························12.2形狀記憶合金特性··································13形狀記憶合金分類······································23.1Ti-Ni系形狀記憶合金·······························23.1.1基本原理··········
3、····························23.1.2運(yùn)用··········································23.1.3Ti-Ni系形狀記憶合金發(fā)展趨勢(shì)···················23.2Cu系形狀記憶合金··································33.2.1基本原理······································33.2.2運(yùn)用··········································33.2.3Cu系形狀記憶合金發(fā)展趨勢(shì)····
4、··················43.3Fe系形狀記憶合金··································43.3.1基本原理······································43.3.2運(yùn)用··········································53.3.3Fe系形狀記憶合金發(fā)展趨勢(shì)······················54參考文獻(xiàn)··············································65引用文獻(xiàn)·························
5、·····················61引言形狀記憶效應(yīng)最早是1932年由奧蘭德在研究Au-Cd合金時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的,但一直沒有引起足夠的重視。直到1963年,美國海軍武器實(shí)驗(yàn)室布勒等,奉命研制新式裝備,需要Ti-Ni合金絲,因?yàn)轭I(lǐng)回來的Ti-Ni合金絲是彎曲的,使用不方便,于是他們就將細(xì)絲拉直。試驗(yàn)中,當(dāng)溫度升到一定值的時(shí)候,已經(jīng)被拉直的Ti-Ni合金絲,突然又全部恢復(fù)到原來彎曲的形狀,而且和原來一模一樣,反復(fù)作了多次試驗(yàn),結(jié)果證實(shí)這些細(xì)絲確實(shí)有“形狀記憶力”。他們研制出具有實(shí)用價(jià)值的Ti-Ni形狀記憶合金,形狀記憶合金所具有的“形狀記憶”和“超彈性”兩大特殊功能,引
6、起國際材料科學(xué)界的極大興趣。從此,世界各國對(duì)這種新材料的研發(fā)方興未艾。1969年7月20日,“阿波羅”11號(hào)登月艙在月球著陸,宇航員在月球上放置了一個(gè)直徑數(shù)米大的拋物面天線,向地球發(fā)送和接受信息。數(shù)米大的天線裝在小小的登月艙里送上了太空。天線就是用當(dāng)時(shí)剛剛發(fā)明不久的Ti-Ni記憶合金制成的。在母相狀態(tài)將形記憶合金絲加工成拋物面天線,然后降低溫度把它壓成一團(tuán),裝進(jìn)登月艙。放到月球上以后,在陽光照射下溫度升高,當(dāng)達(dá)到轉(zhuǎn)變溫度時(shí),天線又“記憶”起自己的本來面貌,恢復(fù)成一個(gè)巨大的拋物面形天線。幾十年來,有關(guān)形狀記憶合金的研究已逐漸成為國際相變會(huì)議和材料會(huì)議的重要議題,并為此召
7、開了多次專題討論會(huì),不斷完善馬氏體相變理論的同時(shí),形狀記憶合金的應(yīng)用研究也取得了長足進(jìn)步,其應(yīng)用范圍涉及機(jī)械、電子、化工、宇航、能源和醫(yī)療等許多領(lǐng)域。2認(rèn)識(shí)形狀記憶合金2.1形狀記憶合金基本概念形狀記憶合金(ShapeMemoryAlloy,SMA)是指具有一定初始形狀的合金在低溫下經(jīng)塑性形變并固定成另一種形狀后,通過加熱到某一臨界溫度以上又可恢復(fù)成初始形狀的一類合金。2.2形狀記憶合金特性形狀記憶效應(yīng):合金在某一溫度下受外力而變形,當(dāng)外力去除后,仍保持其變形后的形狀,但當(dāng)溫度上升到某一溫度,材料會(huì)自動(dòng)回復(fù)到變形前原有的形狀,似乎對(duì)以前的形狀保持記憶