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1、第一章真空技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)本章主要內(nèi)容:1.真空的基本知識(shí)2.真空的獲得3.真空的測(cè)量4.稀薄氣體的基本性質(zhì)5.真空配件、檢測(cè)1§1-1氣體與真空Air,asagas,iscomposedofmoleculesthatyoucanimagineasroundelasticballs.Moleculesmoveinstraightlinesuntiltheycollidewithneighboringmoleculesorthecontainerwall.2THEATMOSPHEREISAMIXTUREOFGASESPARTIALPRESSURESOFGASESCORRESPONDTOTH
2、EIRRELATIVEVOLUMESGASSYMBOLPERCENTBYVOLUMEPARTIALPRESSURETORRPASCALNitrogenN27859379,000OxygenO22115821,000ArgonAr0.937.1940CarbonDioxideCO20.030.2533NeonNe0.00181.4x10-21.8HeliumHe0.00054.0x10-35.3x10-1KryptonKr0.00018.7x10-41.1x10-1HydrogenH20.000054.0x10-45.1x10-2XenonXe0.6.6x10-58.7x10-
3、3WaterH2OVariable5to50665to665032.Pressure?P=F/A=nMvrms2/3NA?Itcomesfromthestrikingofgasmoleculesonthewalls.?PartialPressure4VAPORPRESSUREOFWATERT(OC)100250-40-78.5-196(BOILING)(FREEZING)(DRYICE)(LIQUIDNITROGEN)P(mbar)1013326.40.136.6x10-410-245Pressuresofgases67VaporPressureofsomeSolids2.
4、THEVACUUM·定義真空:低于一個(gè)大氣壓的氣體狀態(tài)?!跋鄬?duì)真空”,“絕對(duì)真空”?特點(diǎn):壓強(qiáng)(Pressure)低,分子稀薄,分子的平均自由程長(zhǎng)。電學(xué)特性輸運(yùn)特性真空的性質(zhì)可由壓強(qiáng)、單位體積分子個(gè)數(shù)、氣體的密度等表示8RelativePressureAbsolutePressure用“真空度”及“壓強(qiáng)”兩個(gè)參量來(lái)衡量真空的程度。帕斯卡(pascal)=1牛/米2,國(guó)際單位制托(Torr)=133.322Pa=1/760atm單位,描述真空的獨(dú)特單位此外,mmHg、atm、bar等。Theonlyonewhichislegal92.PressureunitPaBarAtmTor
5、r10.000019.869×10-67.501×10-319.869×10-17.501×1021.013251760133.320.1.316×10-31PressureunitPaBarAtmTorr105.WhyisaVacuumNeeded?1.Tomoveaparticleina(straight)lineoveralargedistance115.WhyisaVacuumNeeded?1.顆??梢宰鲋本€運(yùn)動(dòng)2.為薄膜生長(zhǎng)提供潔凈表面Atmosphere(High)VacuumContamination(usuallywater)Cleansurface126.真空
6、的劃分粗真空105-102Pa:目的是獲得壓差vacuumcleaner,vacuum-filter,CVD低真空102-10-1Pa:氣體分子運(yùn)動(dòng)特征改變,電場(chǎng)下具有導(dǎo)電特征vacuum-bottle,vacuum-desiccator,vacuum-impregnation,Sputtering,LPCVD高真空10-1-10-6Pa:Evaperation,Ionsource超高真空<10-6Pa:Surfaceanalysis,ParticlePhysics13§1-2稀薄氣體的基本性質(zhì)1.Idealgasequation低壓狀態(tài)下,可用理想氣體的狀態(tài)方程(波義爾定律、蓋
7、·呂薩克定律、查理定律)來(lái)描述,遵守麥克斯韋——玻爾茲曼分布。PV=nmolRT=nmolecularkT=nMvrms2/3NAnmol=m/Mnmolecular=7.2*1022P/T142.氣體分子的速度分布·麥克斯韋速度分布函數(shù)f(v)表示分布在速度v附近單位速度間隔內(nèi)的分子數(shù)占總分子數(shù)的比率15v=f(T,M)163.三個(gè)重要速度表示·最可幾速度Vp:f(v)最大時(shí)的速度·平均速度Va·均方根速度Vrms174.平均自由程MEANFREEPATH定義:每個(gè)分子在連續(xù)兩