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1、TheDesignofEarth-RockDamandSpillwaysPart1EmbankmentDamsSelectionofembankmenttype：Ingeneral,therearetwotypesofembankmentdams:earthandrockfill.Theselectionisdependentupontheusablematerialsfromtherequiredexcavationandavailableborrow.Itshouldbenotedthatrockfills
2、canshadeintosoilfillsdependinguponthephysicalcharacteroftherockandthatnohardandfastsystemofclassificationcanbemade.Rockswhicharesoftandwilleasilybreakdownundertheactionofexcavationandplacementcanbeclassifiedwithearthfills.Rockswhicharehardandwillnotbreakdown
3、significantlyaretreatedasrockfills.Theselectionandthedesignofearthembankmentarebaseduponthejudgmentandexperienceofthedesignerandistoalargeextentofanempiricalnature.Thevariousmethodsofstabilityandseepageanalysesareusedmainlytoconfirmtheengineer’sjudgment.Free
4、board：Allearthdamsmusthavesufficientextraheightknownasfreeboardtopreventovertoppingbythepool.Thefreeboardmustbeofsuchheightthatwaveaction,windsetup,andearthquakeeffectswillnotresultinovertoppingofthedam.Inadditiontofreeboard,anallowancemustbemadeforsettlemen
5、toftheembankmentandthefoundationwhichwilloccuruponcompletionoftheembankment.Topwidth：Thewidthoftheearthdamtopisgenerallycontrolledbytherequiredwidthoffillforeaseofconstructionusingconventionalequipment.Ingeneral,thetopwidthshouldnotbelessthan30ft.Ifadangerex
6、istsofanovertoppingwavecausedeitherbymassivelandslidesinthepoolorbyseismicblocktipping,thenextratopwidthoferosionresistivefillwillberequired.Alignment：constructioncostsbutsuchalignmentshouldnotbesuchastoencourageslidingorcrackingoftheembankment.Normallythesh
7、orteststraightlineacrossthevalleywillbesatisfactory,butlocaltopographicandfoundationconditionsmaydictateotherwise.Damslocatedinnarrowvalleysoftenaregivenanalignmentwhichisarchedupstreamsothatdeflectionsoftheembankmentunderpoolloadwillputtheembankmentincompre
8、ssionthusminimizingtransversecracking,Abutments：Threeproblemsaregenerallyassociatedwiththeabutmentsofearthdams:①seepage,②instability,and③transversecrackingoftheembankment.Iftheabutmentconsistsof
