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1、進(jìn)入夏天,少不了一個(gè)熱字當(dāng)頭,電扇空調(diào)陸續(xù)登場(chǎng),每逢此時(shí),總會(huì)想起那一把蒲扇。蒲扇,是記憶中的農(nóng)村,夏季經(jīng)常用的一件物品?! ∮洃浿械墓枢l(xiāng),每逢進(jìn)入夏天,集市上最常見的便是蒲扇、涼席,不論男女老少,個(gè)個(gè)手持一把,忽閃忽閃個(gè)不停,嘴里叨叨著“怎么這么熱”,于是三五成群,聚在大樹下,或站著,或隨即坐在石頭上,手持那把扇子,邊嘮嗑邊乘涼。孩子們卻在周圍跑跑跳跳,熱得滿頭大汗,不時(shí)聽到“強(qiáng)子,別跑了,快來我給你扇扇”。孩子們才不聽這一套,跑個(gè)沒完,直到累氣喘吁吁,這才一跑一踮地圍過了,這時(shí)母親總是,好似生氣的樣子,邊扇邊訓(xùn),“你看熱的,跑什么?”此時(shí)這把蒲扇,是那
2、么涼快,那么的溫馨幸福,有母親的味道! 蒲扇是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)工藝品,在我國(guó)已有三千年多年的歷史。取材于棕櫚樹,制作簡(jiǎn)單,方便攜帶,且蒲扇的表面光滑,因而,古人常會(huì)在上面作畫。古有棕扇、葵扇、蒲扇、蕉扇諸名,實(shí)即今日的蒲扇,江浙稱之為芭蕉扇。六七十年代,人們最常用的就是這種,似圓非圓,輕巧又便宜的蒲扇。 蒲扇流傳至今,我的記憶中,它跨越了半個(gè)世紀(jì),也走過了我們的半個(gè)人生的軌跡,攜帶著特有的念想,一年年,一天天,流向長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間隧道,裊Speech-Act-Theory-言語行為理論IntroductionSpeechacttheoryisamajortheory
3、ofbothlanguagephilosophyandpragmatics.ItwasoriginallyputforwardbyordinarylanguagephilosophyJohnL.AustinandJohnR.Searleintheearlyfiftiesofthelastcentury.Theessenceofthistheorymainlyconcernsthatlanguageisoftenusedto“dothings”,toperformactsandtoemphasizereallanguageusageinactualsitua
4、tion.Itchallengesthe“truth-value”statementandopensanewareaoflinguistics--pragmatics.Thistheoryexplainsthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.Thecoreofthecommunicationistodealwithlanguage,thingsandaction.ConstativesVSPerformativesConstativesarestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andthe
5、yhavethepropertyofbeingeithertrueorfalse.Performatives,bycontrast,havenotruth-value;theyareusedtodosomething.CollapseofthedichotomyProblems:Containingaperformativeverbdoesnotnecessarilymaketheutteranceitselfperformative.IpromisedtoherthatIwouldhelpher.Everyactofsayingisdoing.--Dir
6、ectspeechact--IndirectspeechactWillyougoornot?/I’maskingyouifyouwillgoornot.He’sdishonest./I’mtellingyouthatheisdishonest.AnutterancewithaperformativeverbmaynotbethetypeofactsuggestedbytheverbAkidnapper:Iadviseyoutogivemeallinyourpocket.ReformulationofSpeechActTheoryLocutionaryact
7、(以言指事):theactofverballysayingsomething.Illocutionaryact(以言行事):theintendedactbehindsayingsomething.Perlocutionaryact(以言成事):theintendedeffect/happeningofanillocutionaryact.Utteranceacts,propositionalacts,Illocutionaryacts,PerlocutionaryactsClassifyingillocutionaryactsAustin:verdicti
8、ves裁決類exercitives行使職權(quán)類commisives承