equilibrium and efficiency

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1、EquilibriumandEf?ciency14LearningObjectivesAfterreadingthischapter,studentsshouldbeableto:}Identifythefactorsthatmakeamarketperfectlycompetitive.}Determineshort-andlong-runmarketdemandandsupply.}Analyzechangesinmarketequilibriumduetochangesinmarketco

2、ndi-tionsintheshortandlongrun.}Demonstratehowperfectlycompetitivemarketscanbeconsidered“e?cient”forsociety.}Measureaggregatesurplus,consumersurplus,andproducersurplususingmarketsupplyanddemandcurves.nthenightofNovember9,1989,theBerlinWallcamedown.Its

3、OfallmarkedtheculminationofarevolutioninCentralEurope,onethatgavepoliticalandeconomicfreedomtomil-lionswhohadlivedforyearsunderSoviet-controlledcom-munistregimes.Soonafter,theSovietUnionwoulditselfbreakapart,unabletosustainhighmilitaryspendingandacol

4、lapsingeconomy.ThecollapseofcommunismmarkedaturningpointfortheeconomiesoftheformerSoviet-blocnations.Intheyearsthatfollowed,manywouldtransitionfromstate-controlledtofree-marketeconomies.State-owned?rmswouldbepriva-tized,andnewbusinesseswouldbeallowed

5、toformwithouthindrance.Theeconomiesofthosenationsthataggressivelyembracedfreemarketsandprivatizationsoonbegantogrowrapidly.InPoland,forexample,theshareofgrossdomesticproductproducedbyprivate?rmsincreasedfrom19percentThefalloftheBerlinWall(above).Soon

6、after(below).495ber00279_c14_493-538.indd495CONFIRMINGPAGES10/18/073:13:53PM496PartIIIMarketsin1988to65percentin1997.Grossdomesticproductpercapitaroseover150percentinthetenyearsfrom1990to2000.Economistsputalotoffaithinmarkets.Inthischapter,wellseewhy

7、.AswenotedinSection1.1,therearemanywaysforasocietytodeterminewhatgoodsareproduced,howtheyareproduced,andwhoconsumesthem.IntheformerSoviet-bloccountries,thosedecisionsweremadelargelybygovernmentedict.Inamarketeconomy,mostofthosedecisionsaremadeinstead

8、byindividualswhofacemarketprices.Whenmarketsareperfectlycompetitive,thisprocess,whichAdamSmithcalledtheinvisiblehandofthemarket,producesanoutcomethatmaximizessocietysnetbene?tfromtheproductionandconsumptionofgoods.Thatisnottosaythatmarketsalwaysperfo

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